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Examination Book 

IN 

American History and Civics 



WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY 

CHARLES W. BLESSING, A. M., 
Editor of American Education, 

AND 

HORATIO I\I. POLLOCK, Ph. D., 
Editor of American Education and Author of ' American 
Examination and Review Book 



FIRST EDITION. 



Albany, New York. 

NEW YORK EDUCATION COMPANY. 

1911. 



Copyright, 1911, 

BY 

NEW YORK EDUCATI017 COMPANY. 



^ 



£CI.A31204S 



PREFACE. 



The following set of questions and answers in 
United States History and Civics has been com- 
piled from the jSTew York Kegents' examina- 
tions given during the past fourteen years. 
These questions and answers were originally 
printed in American Education and were 
found exceedingly helpful to teachers. In re- 
sponse to a general demand they have been care- 
fully rearranged and edited and are now prer- 
sented to the public in booklet form. The dates 
and statements of facts given have been veri- 
fied and they are believed to be practically free 
from error. The chronological order has been 
in the main followed. Some of the questions 
that call for a comparison of facts and events 
do not follow the order of time. As the ques- 
tions have been taken from many different ex- 
aminations, it has been found impossible to 
avoid a repetition of ideas, but no two questions 
of exactly the same import are given. 

All teachers of Elementary United States 
History will find this booklet an invaluable aid 
for rapid review work and for acquainting their 
pupils with the kind of questions and answers 
that are used in these and similar examinations. 
This book is intended simply for supplementary 
work and review purposes and does not aim in 



iv PREFACE. 

any way to take the place of the well written 
text-books and outlines that are recognized as 
the necessary equipment for successful indi- 
vidual and class work. While the booklet does 
not aim at completeness, it is hoped that it will 
prove suggestive and helpful to teachers and 
pupils alike. Criticisms and suggestions in re- 
gard to future editions are invited. 

The Editors. 



m TABLE OF CONTENTS ^ 



PAGE 

Important Dates i 

Discovery and Exploration { 1492-1607) o 

Settlement and Development ( 1607-1775) 22 

Intercolonial Wars ( 1689-1763) '40 

Revolutionary Period ( 1775-1783 ) 47 

The Critical Period and Formation of General 

Government ( 1783-1789) 66 

Development of States ( 1789-1861 ) 70 

War of 1812 77 

Mexican War ( 1846-1847 ) 84 

Slavery and Conditions Leading Up to Civil War . . 87 

Civil War Period 93 

Period of Reconstruction and GroAvth of Union .... 102 

Rpanish-American War 106 

Miscellaneous Questions 107 

Inventions 122 

Authors and Writing 123 

Civics 124 

OuTLiXE Biographies of INTex and Womex Promixext 
IX American History. 

Early Period 135 

Revolutionary Period 138 

Critical and Development Period 142 

Civil War Period 140 

Late Period 153 

Leaders in American Literature and Science 150 

American Inventors ^"" 



IMPORTANT DATES. 



Note — The more important dates are printed in 

bold-faced type. With each date the student should 

associate as many events as possible, 

1000. Lief Ericson discovers Vinland (New Eng- 
land) . 

1492. Oct. 12. Columbus discovers the New World. 

1497. The Cabots discover the continent of North 
America. 

1507. New World named after Americus Vespucius. 

1513. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida and Balboa 
the Pacific Ocean. 

1519-1521. Cortez conquers Mexico. Magellan sails 
round the world. 

1524. Verrazano and Gomez explore the Atlantic 
coast. 

1534. Cartier sails to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

1541. DeSoto discovers the Mississippi River. 

1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Beginnings of 
English Colonization). 

1604. Acadia settled by the French. 

1607. May 13. Founding of Jamestown, Yirginia. 

1608. Founding of Quebec by Champlain. 

1609. Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 

1619. First Assembly meets at Jamestown. Slaves 

first sold in Virginia. 

1620. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. First per- 

manent English Colony of the north. 

1623. Settlements at New Amsterdam. First settle- 
ments in New Hampshire. 

1630. The great immigration to Massachusetts. The 
founding of Boston. 

1634. Maryland first settled by Calvert. 



2 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1636. Connecticut settled by emigrants from Massa- 

chusetts. 

1637. War with Pequot Indians. First negro slaves 

in New England. 

1638. Swedes first settle in Delaware. 

1643. May 30. New England Confederation formed. 

1649. Toleration Act in Maryland. 

1656. Quakers expelled from Massachusetts. 

1664. Sept. 8. The English take New Amsterdam. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion and King Philip's War. 

1682. Penn founds Philadelphia and makes treaty 
with the Indians. 

1686. Edmund Andros made governor of all New 
England. 

1689. Rebellion against Andros. His fall and arrest. 

1692. Salem witchcraft delusion. 

1701. Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges. 

1713. The Treaty of Utrecht. 

1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe. 

1754. Colonial Congress at Albany, Franklin's plan 
of union. 

1756. French and Indian War formally begun. 

1759. Wolfe captures Quebec. 

1763. Treaty of Paris and Proclamation of King 
George III. 

1765. Stamp Act. Colonial Congress in New York. 

1770. Boston Massacre. 

1773. Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor. 

1774.. Massachusetts CrOiernment Act and First Con- 
tinental Congress. 

1775. April 19. The first battles of Revolutionary 

War, Concord and Lexington, 

1776. July 4. Declaration of Independence. 

1777. Flag of stars and stripes adopted by Congress. 

1778. French-American Alliance. 

1779. Sept. 23. Naval victory of John Paul Jones. 

1780. May 12. Charleston taken by British. 

1781. Adoption of the Articles of Confederation. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 
1783. Sept. 3. Final Treaty of peace signed. 
1786. Shays' rebellion in Massachusetts. 



AMERICAN HI/STORY, 3 

1787. The Constitution adopted and the Northwest 

Ordinance passed. 

1788. Rufus Putnam plants first settlement in Ohio. 
17&9. March 4. >iew government goes into operation. 

1790. First census. Population, 3,9z9,214. 

1791. Vermont admitted to the Union. St. Clair de- 

feated by the Indians, 

1793. Jeffeison founds Republican (Democratic 
Party) . 

1795. Jay's Treaty ratified. (Foreign Relations and 
Party Organization.) 

1798-1799. Kentucky and Virginia resolutions passed. 

1800. Overthrow of the Federal party. Capital re- 
moved to Washington, D. C. 

1801-1805. War with the Barbary States, North. 
Africa. 

1803. Purchase of Louisiana. 

1804. Burr kills Hamilton in a duel, 

1807. Fulton makes first successful trip with steam- 

boat, 

1808. Prohibition of the foreign slave trade. 
1812.15. War declared against England. (Neutral 

Commerce and Impressment.) 

1820. The Missouri Compromise. 

1823. The Monroe Doctrine. 

18z5. Opening of Erie Canal. 

1828. Building of the first passenger railway in 
America begun at Baltimore. 

1832. Nov, 19. Nullification by South Carolina. Jack- 
son vetoes National Bank Act. Black Hawk 
War. 

1837. Patent of the telegraph by Morse. 

1841. Howe invents sewing machine. 

1845. Annexation of Texas. 

1846-48. Mexican War. 

1850. Compromise on^ Slavery. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska bill enacted. 

1857. March 6. Dred Scott decision, 

1858. First Atlantic cable laid. 

1859. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. 
1861-65. The Civil War. 



4- AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1861. April 14. Fall of Fort Sumter. 

1862. April 16. Slavery abolished in District of Co- 

lumbia. 

1863. Jan. " 1. Lincoln issues Emancipation Procla- 

mation. 
1865. April 9. Surrender of Lee at Appomattox. 
1865. Dec. 18. Thirteenth Amendment ratified. 
1867. Purchase of Alaska. Also Reconstruction Act. 
1869. Pacific Railroad completed. 
1878. Electric light perfected. 
1883. Letter postage reduced to two cents. 
1883. Civil Service Reform. 
1893. Chicago Exposition, 
1898. Spanish War. i| 

1903. Canal Treaty with Panama signed by Secretary- 

Hay. 

1904. Panama treaty ratified by the United States j 

Senate. | 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. ' 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION (1492.1607), 



1. Tell the story of Leif the Lucky. 

Ans. Leif the Lucky sailed from Greenland in 1000 
and landed somewhere on the coast of North 
America, either in Labrador or farther south. He 
and his crew spent the winter in the new country 
which they called Vinland from the grapes found 
there. 

2. In what way did the mariner's compass aid Co- 
lumbus? How did men tell directions before the dis- 
covery of the mariner's compass? 

Ans. The mariner's compass enabled Columbus to 
sail into unknown waters without fear of losing his 
direction. By observing the stars. 

3. What idea did Columbus have of the shape of 
the earth? What was the purpose of his first voy- 
age and what was accomplished by that voyage? 

Ans. Columbus believed that the earth was round. 
He sailed westward for the purpose of finding a short 
route to India and discovered several islands of the 
West Indies. 

4. Relate two events in the life of Columbus that 
show his perseverance, 

Ans. (a) Columbus showed his perseverance be- 
fore he started on his voyage to find the Indies by 
going from place to place to secure aid to make the 
voyage. He would not give up and was finally suc- 
cessful, (b) Columbus showed his perseverance 
while on his first voyage by standing firm when his 
men repeatedly wished to turn back. He went on 
and finally reached the coast of America. 

5. Give two reasons why Columbus wished to find 
a new route to India. Show why the discoveries of 
Columbus at first disappointed the Spaniards. 



6 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. Columbus thought that by sailing west he 
would reach Inaia. He wanied to tind a new route 
and to convert the inhabitants. The Spaniards 
whom Columbus. brought over, expected to find gold, 
silver and riches. They were' disappointed when 
they did not find riches, but found instead labor, sick- 
ness and death. 

6. Describe one of the ships of Columbus. 

Ans. The Santa Maria, Columbus' flgship, was 
about sixty-three feet in length and twenty in width. 
She was decked with high bow and stern., The other 
ships were even smaller. 

7. What European powers were most desirous of 
finding a new trade route to the East in the time of 
Columbus? Why did they hesitate to adopt the plan 
proposed by Columbus? 

Ans. Portugal, Spain, Genoa, Venice. Some did not 
believe in the sphericity of the earth; others thought 
the long westward voyage over strange seas imprac- 
ticable. 

8. Describe two trade routes between Europe and 
Asia in the 15th century and show why other routes 
were sought. 

Ans. One was by way of the Mediterranean and 
the Red Sea. The other was by way of the Medi- 
terranean Sea, the Strait of Bosphorus and the Black 
Sea. In the 15th century the Turks had seized the 
Strait of Bosphorus and would not let the ships of 
Genoa pass through. As the people of G^^nna m'^de 
use of the last mentioned route, they tried to find 
another way to Africa. The king of Portugal also 
tried to find another route that he might go all the 
way by water to Asia. 

9. What explorations were made in the New World 
before the year 1500 and by whom? 

Ans. Northeast coast possibly as far south as 
Rhode Island — Norsemen. Leif Ericson; Bahamas 
and West Indies — Cniumbus; Cape Breton island, 
eastern coast of North America — John and Sebastian 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 7 

Cabot; northeastern coast of South America — 
Americus Vespucius. 

10. Mention two discoveries made in the New 
World previous to 1500 and give an account of one 
of them. 

Ans. The discovery of the West Indies by Colum- 
bus and of the mainland of North America by John 
Cabot. 

John Cabot was a fellow countryman of Columbus, 
who entered the employ of the English government. 
He sailed from England in 1497 and landed in the 
vicinity of Cape Breton. He was the first European 
to look on the mainland of North America. Later, 
Englanl based her claims to North America on the 
discovery of the Cabots. 

11. Draw a map of the eastern coast line of North 
America and on it indicate with approximate date of 
discovery a portion claimed by (a) Spain, (b) 
France, (c) England, (d) Holland. 

Ans. (a) Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon 
on Easter Sunday, 1513. (b) In 1535 Cartier as- 
cended the St. Lawrence River as far as the present 
site of Montreal. The basin of the St. Lawrence 
later formed a portion of New France, (c) The Eng- 
lish claimed the coast from New Foundland to 
Florida, basing their title on the voyages of the 
Cabots in 1497 and 1498. (d) In 1609 Henry Hudson, 
while in the employ of Holland, entered Delaware 
Bay and the Harbor of New York and later ascended 
the river that bears his name. On this discovery 
Holland based its claim to the region extending from 
the Delaware River to Cape Cod. (See text-books for 
map.) 

12. How were claims to territory in the New World 
established by European governments? Why were 
charters for colonial settlements deemed necessary? 

Ans. By discovery and actual possession. Charters 
were necessary in order to define the rights of each 
colony with respect to the other colonips and also to 
insure them the protection of the home government. 



8 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

13.. Name (a) the nation that made permanent set- 
tlements in America during the 16th century, (b) 
two other nations that made permanent settlements 
during the 17th century, (c) give an account of one 
settlement made in the 17th century. 

Ans. (a) Spain, (b) English, French, Netherlands, 
(c) In 1609 Henry Hudson who was in the employ 
of the Dutch East India Company discovered and 
sailed up the river that bears his name. Hudson's 
voyage gave the Dutch a claim to the surrounding 
country and they soon sent out vessels to trade with 
the Indians. By 1614 they had made a settlement 
on Manhattan Island. 

14. State what people explored and colonized the 
following sections of North America: The St. Law- 
rence valley, the Hudson valley, the Atlantic coast 
and the territory bordering the Gulf of Mexico. 

Ans. French, Dutch, English, and Spanish respec- 
tively. 

15. Name five early explorers and mention a region 
visited by each of them. 

Ans. Cartier visited the lower St. Lawrence; Cabot, 
Labrador; Ponce de Leon, Florida; DeSoto, the Mis- 
sissippi region; Hudson, New York Bay and the Hud- 
son. 

16. Give a brief account of a noted exploration of 
(a) Ponce de Leon, (b) Cartier. 

Ans. (a) Ponce de Leon was an old Spanish ex- 
plorer who lived for a time in the West Indies. 
Hearing that gold and the magic fountain of youth 
could be found further north, he set out to find them. 
He failed to find either of them, but he discovered a 
land bright with flowers on Easter Sunday, 1513, and 
he named the country Florida. He explored the 
country and on his return was shot by a faithless 
Indian. (b) In 1535 Cartier, a French navigator, 
sailed from France and landed near a great river 
which he called St Lawrence. Sailing up the river 
he landed at an Indian village behind which was a 
mountain. He obtained such a fine view from this 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 9 

mountain that he named it Mount Royal or Montreal. 
Later he made a settlement here which still retains 
the name of Montreal. 

17. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: Champlain, Coronado, Cortez, Sir Francis 
Drake, La Salle, Magellan, Verrazano. 

Ans. Champlain was a Frenchman who lived in 
France. He came to America on an exploring and 
colonizing expedition. He sailed to Port Royal and 
up the St. Lawrence River to Quebec, where he 
planted a colony. Not long after the Algonquin In- 
dians made a treaty with him in which he promised 
to help them against the Iroquois. In this war he 
discovered Lake Champlain, and made the Iroquois 
deadly enemies of France. 

Cort'^z was a Spaniard, roving and heartless. He 
was born and lived in Spain. He came on one of 
the expeditions to Cuba, and after a hard struggle, 
got together an expedition to sail to the mainland. 
After sailing for several days, he reached Mexico, 
and captured and put to horrible torture IMontezuma 
and his Indian tribes. He secured a large amount 
of gold, then set sail and went to Spain. 

Sir Francis Drake was an English knight who 
lived in the northern part of England and was one 
of Queen Elizabeth's favorites. He was a buccaneer 
and pirate, capturing Spanish vessels sailing in the 
waters of the New World. He followed Magellan's 
plan, sailing around the world, and named a bay in 
California, Drake's Bay. He then sailed home and 
was put in command of a small fleet with which 
other fleets joined and later they attacked the Span- 
ish Armada on the coast of England. 

La Salle was a French missionary who came over 
here to convert the Indians and explore the country. 
He sailed from France to the St. Lawrence River, 
through the Great Lakes and traveled overland to 
the source of the Mississippi River. He sailed down 
to its mouth, enduring all the hardships with his 
men. It is believed that he was murdered by them. 

Magellan was a Spaniard who was the first to cir- 
cumnavigate the globe. He lived in Spain and 
crossed the Atlantic Ocean on an expedition. He 
landed at Cuba and got water and supplies and 
sailed down the coast of South America, through the 
strait that bears his name and on the Pacific Ocean 



10 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

to China. He died tliere and liis crew continued the 
voyage. 

18. Give in chronologic order a summary state- 
ment of four important French explorations of the 
New World. Mention the approximate date of each. 

Ans. Verrazano sailed to America (1524), coasted 
along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, and 
entered the harbors of New York and Newport, 

Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence River in 1535 
to the present site of Montreal. 

Marquette floated down the Wisconsin to the Mis- 
sissippi in 1673 in a birch canoe and thence to the 
mouth of the Arkansas. 

La Salle discovered the mouth of the Mississippi 
in 1682, having made his way down the river to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

19. What part of America was explored by (a) 
Cabot, (b) Hudson, (c) Marquette, (d) Lewis and 
Clarke? Give the approximate date of the explora- 
tion of each. 

Ans. (a) The Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to 
Cape Hatteras, 1498, (b) Delaware Bay, New York 
Bay and Hudson River, 1609, (c) Green Bay west- 
ward overland to the Wisconsin, down the Wiscon- 
sin and the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkan- 
sas, 1673, (d) The Missouri from its mouth to its 
source in the mountains, across the mountains to 
Clear Water River, down this river to the Columbia, 
and down the Columbia to the Pacific, 1804-5. 

20. Give the name of a discoverer or an explorer 
of each of the following and state what people sent 
out each man: Mississippi River, Virginia, Florida, 
Oregon, Hudson River. 

Ans. Marquette and .Toilet, Robert de la Salle; 
French. Captain John Smith; English. Juan Ponce 
de Leon; Spanish. Captains Robt. Gray, Meri- 
wether Lewis and William Clark; United States. 
Henry Hudson; Dutch. 

21. Describe by drawing or otherwise, Toscanelli's 
map or Behaim's globe. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 11 

Ans. Toscanelli's map represented the Asiatic con- 
tinent as extending eastward to where we know 
Lower California to be located and Cipango (Japan) 
as located where we know the Gulf of Mexico to be. 

22. (a) What name did the Dutch apply to their 
territory in North America? (b) On whos3 discovery 
did they base their claim to this territory? 

Ans. (a) New Netherland, (b) Henry Hudson's. 

23. (a) What Englishman first sailed along the 
coast of California? (b) To what countries has 
California since belonged? (c) When was it ad- 
mitted into the Union? 

Ans. (a) Drake, (b) Spain, Mexico and United 
States, (c) 1850. 

24. In what parts of America and in the interests 
of what nation did each of the following voyagers 
pursue his explorations: Cabot, DeSoto, Cartier? 

Ans. Cabot explored the Atlantic coast of North 
America from Laborador or Cape Breton to Albe- 
marle Sound, possibly further south; in the interest 
of England. DeSoto's expedition started at Florida, 
passed through the Gulf States, crossed the Missis- 
sippi into Arkansas, and passed thence to the Gulf 
of Mexico in the interest of Spain. Cartier explored 
the St. Lawrence to Montreal, in the interest of 
France. 

25. Who was the most noted Frenchman in 
America during the early part of the seventeenth 
century? Name two of his achievements in the New 
World. 

Ans. Champlain — founded Quebec and discovered 
Lake Champlain. 

26. Draw an outline map of North America and in- 
dicate on your map the region explored and claimed 
(a) by Spain, (b) by England, (c) by France, (d) 
by Holland. 



12 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. See text-book for map. Region explored and 
claimed (a) by Spain, Florida and the country bord- 
ering on the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi, (b) 
by England, the land along the Atlantic coast, (c) 
by France, the land bordering on the St. Lawrence 
and the Great Lakes, (d) by Holland, the land along 
the Hudson, 

27. What special act of discovery or conquest was 
achieved by each of the following: Pizarro, Men- 
endez, Cortez, and Balboa? Answer three only. 

Ans. Pizarro conquered Peru. Menendez founded 
St. Augustine, Florida, 1565. Cortez conquered 
Mexico (1519-21). Balboa discovered the Pacific 
Ocean, 1513. 

28. Compare the rank of England in wealth and 
power among the nations of Europe at the time of 
Columbus with its rank at the present time. 

Ans. At the time of Columbus, England's rank in 
wealth and power was much inferior to that of the 
present time. Spain, France and Holland were in 
advance of her, while England now outranks these 
countries in both wealth and power. She has vast 
colonial possessions, a stable, enlightened govern- 
ment, and the largest navy in the world. 

29. Name a discoverer who found or explored some 
part of (a) the coast of South America, (b) the nor- 
thern Atlantic coast, (c) the Gulf coast. 

Ans. (a) Columbus, Vespucius; (b) John and Se- 
bastian Cabot, Hudson; (c) Narvaez, DeSoto. (Other 
correct answers may be given.) 

30. What nation in its early settlements in 
America pursued most notably the policy of the con- 
quest and subjugation of the inhabitants? State 
facts in support of the answer. 

Ans. The Spanish. They conquered Peru and 
Mexico and slaughtered the inhabitants. 

31. By whom, in what year, and for what country 
was each of the following discovered: Newfound- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 13 

land, Florida, Pacific Ocean, St. Lawrence River, 
Hudson River? 

Ans. Newfoundland, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1583, 
England; Florida, 1512, Ponce de Leon, Spain; 
Pacific Ocean, 1513; Balboa, Spain; St. Lawrence 
River, 1535; Cartier, France; Hudson, 1609, Henry- 
Hudson, Holland, 

32. Give an account of the adventures of Sir 
Francis Drake on the Pacific coast of America. By 
what route did Drake return to England? 

Ans. Sir Francis Drake, English explorer, sailed 
through the strait of Magellan, along the Pacific to 
the southern part of Oregon, visited California, and 
sailing westward, returned home by way of the Cape 
of Good Hope. He was the first Englishman to cir- 
cumnavigate the globe. 

33. Describe one of the following: (a) the first 
voyage of Columbus to America, (b) DeSoto's ex- 
pedition. 

Ans. DeSoto started from Spain with six hundred 
men, a drove of cattle and bloodhounds to hunt down 
the Indians. After many days, he landed at Tampa 
Bay. He marched through Florida, capturing and 
torturing the Indians, and then through Alabama, 
Mississippi, and came out on the Mississippi River. 
He sailed down the Mississippi River to where the 
Red River flows into the INIississippi. Here he died 
and in the dead of the night, his followers buried him 
in the Mississippi River. His soldiers, tired of 
wandering, started for home, but only a few of that 
large band reached the settlement in Mexico. 

34. Give a brief account of the Cabots and of their 
exploration. What claim was founded on these ex- 
plorations? 

Ans. In 1497-98 John and Sebastian Cabot, sailing 
land's claim was founded on these explorations. 
United States from Laborador to Cape Cod. Eng- 
under the flag of England, explored the coast of the 



14 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

35. Sketch the circumstances that led to the first 
permanent European settlement on what is now 
Lnited btates territory. What was the extent of 
European colonization in North America at the end 
of the 16th century? 

Ans. The French made two attempts to occupy the 
South Atlantic coast. The King of Spain, hearing of 
this, sent an expedition under Menendez, who de- 
stroyed the French settlement on the St. John's 
River, Florida, and founded St. Augustine, 1565, the 
first permanent Spanish settlement. The two set- 
tlements of St. Augustine, 1565, and Sante Fe, 
founded in 1582, were the extent of European settle- 
ments at the end of the 16th century. 

36. Show how each of the following was identified 
with the exploration or settlement of the New 
World: Cartier, De Soto, Ribault, Frobisher, Es- 
pejo, Gosnold, Champlain, Hudson. 

Ans. Cartier discovered and explored the St. Law- 
rence as far as Montreal. DeSoto explored the South- 
ern States and discovered the Mississippi in 1541. Ri- 
bault made an attempt to plant a French colony in 
South Carolina, but it was a failure. Frobisher, in 
trying to discover a northwest passage to India, dis- 
covered Frobisher's Bay. Espejo founded Santa Fe. 
Gosnold discovered Cape Cod and sailed along the 
northeast coast to Buzzard's Bay. Champlain dis- 
covered the lake which bears his name, and made a 
settlement at Quebec. Hudson discovered the Hud- 
son River and Hudson Bay. 

37. What two countries made early settlements on 
the belt lying between the lands granted to the Lon- 
don Company and those granted to the Plymouth 
Company? Outline the history of the two settle- 
ments. 

Ans. Holland and Sweden. The Dutch West India 
Company sent settlers to the Delaware, who built 
Fort Nassau, in New Jersey. The Swedes settled 
Wilmington, Delaware. 

38. " Fortune had smiled especially upon the Span- 
ish, the French, and the English. Vast possessions 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 15 

and untold opportunities came to them in this great- 
est expansion in recorded history. ... At first 
sight Spain would seem to be the power destined to 
survive. She first among the nations planted her 
flag in the western land and she extended its sway 
with marvelous rapidity for three quarters of a cen- 
tury." 

Using the above quotation as an introduction, 
finish the paragraph by a statement of facts showing 
why Spanish dominion did not extend in America. 

Ans. The Spaniards cared nothing for America, 
but only for what they could get out of it to enrich 
themselves and Spain. They made few permanent 
settlements, but made conquests and roved about in 
search of gold. They made slaves of the Indians and 
incurred their lasting enmity. They were also too 
weak to resist the claims of the English and French, 
since contemporary wars in Europe had reduced 
Spain, meanwhile, to a secondary power. 

39. What discovery resulted (a) from Ponce de 
Leon's search for the fabled fountain of immortal 
youth; (b) from De Soto's expedition? 

Ans. (a) Florida, (b) the Mississippi River. 

40. What had the Spaniards accomplished by way 
of exploration and settlement within the present 
limits of the United States at the close of the six- 
teenth century? 

Ans. Ponce de Leon had discovered Florida. Nar- 
vaez and DeSoto had made expeditions through the 
southern states — Florida, Georgia. Alabama, Missis- 
sippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The coast of Cali- 
fornia had been explored. Missions had been estab- 
lished in New Mexico and Arizona, and permanent 
settlements at St. Augustine, Fla., and Santa Fe, 
N. M. 

41. What colony was settled by the Swedes? Tell 
how Sweden came to lose possession of this colony. 

Ans. Delaware. The Dutch claimed that the set- 
tlement was within the boundaries of New Nether- 



16 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

land and Governor Stuyvesant led an expedition 
against the Swedes and conquered them. 

42. By whom was Florida discovered? Mention 
two Spaniards wlio afterwards attempted its con- 
quest. 

Ans. Ponce de Leon. Narvaez, DeSoto. 

43. What European countries participated in the 
exploration and settlement of North America? Name 
a prominent explorer for each of these countries. 

Ans. Spain, England, France, Holland. DeSoto, 
Cabot, Cartier, Hudson, respectively. 

44. How long a time intervened between the dis- 
covery of the New World and the founding within 
the present limits of the United States of the (a) 
first permanent Spanish settlement; (b) first per- 
manent English settlement? 

Ans. (a) Seventy-three years, (b) One hundred 
and fifteen years. 

45. Give an account of the efforts of the French 
to found a colony in Florida. 

Ans. Jean Ribault, a Huguenot seaman, entered 
the St. John's River, Florida, in 1562. As he found 
the natives friendly, the climate fine, and prospects 
for gold good, he planted a colony. Needing recruits 
and supplies, Ribault returned to France, leaving 
volunteers to hold the country in the name of the 
king. While Ribault was absent, the colony was 
completely wiped out. Two years later (1564) an- 
other French fleet, commanded by Laundonniere ap- 
peared on the coast. Finding Ribault's colonists 
gone, he founded a new settlement on the southern 
bank of the St. John's River, and named it Fort 
Caroline. Starvation, trouble with the natives, and 
mutiny followed. Some of the mutineers started to 
plunder the Spanish settlements, and they gave the 
Spaniards their first knowledge that a French settle- 
ment was near. This alarming news spread to 
Spain. An expedition under Pedro Menendez was 
sent out to destroy the French settlements. Ribault, 



AMERICAX HISTORY. 17 

sailing out to meet the enemy, was caught on a sand- 
bar. Menendez, seizing this opportunity, marched 
to the fort, and massacred men, women and chil- 
dren. On his return, he intercepted the shipwrecked 
crews and all of them, save a few who fled to the 
woods, were also slain. 

France was too subservient to Spain at this time 
to call her to account But de Gourges privately 
fitted up an expedition, set sail for Florida, sur- 
prised and massacred the garrisons of three Spanish 
forts, and then returned to France. This ended the 
attempts of France to colonize Florida. 

46. Give an account of the explorations in New 
York State by Champlain. 

Ans. Champlain was a French explorer who dis- 
covered the lake that bears his name. He went on 
a number of exploring expeditions and discovered 
several rivers in northeastern New York. On one 
of these expeditions he joined the Hurons in their 
war with the Iroquois. For this reason the Iroquois 
often helped the English against the French. 

47. (a) Who discovered the Pacific Oceaiv? (b) 
Who was the first man to cross it? (c) Who was 
the first Englishman to cross it? 

Ans. (a) Balboa, (b) Magellan, (c) Drake. 

48. Describe the routes by which goods were 
brought from Asia to Europe before Vasco Da Gama 
made the voyage to India around Cape of Good Hope. 

Ans. Goods were conveyed from Asia to Europe 
by two routes: the Venetian and the Genoese. The 
Venetian was by way of the Red Sea and Cairo from 
the southern Asiatic countries. It was largely a 
water route. The Genoese was by way of the Bos- 
phorus and the Black Sea ports. Here the ships 
loaded the goods brought overland by caravans from 
the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. 

49. Locate two French settlements in America 
made during the early part of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 



18 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. 1605, Port Royal, Nova Scotia; 1608, Quebec, 
Canada. 

50. How did the discoveries of Vespucius and 
Magellan effect the geographical ideas of the time? 

Ans. By the expeditions of Americus Vespucius. 
a new world became known. The maps of the old 
world had to be corrected and enlarged to conform 
with the results of the discoveries of Vespucius and 
his contemporary explorers. Magellan made the 
first voyage around the globe and thus proved that 
the world was round, rather thai flat. 

51. Give a brief account of the North American 
Indians, noting the following points: (a) why they 
were called Indians, (b) their personal appearance, 
(c) their leading traits of character, (d) their oc- 
cupations. 

Ans, The early explorers believed that they had 
reached India and therefore called the natives In- 
dians. The Indians have copper-colored skin, high 
cheek bones and straight black hair. They were 
cruel, brave, patient, able to endure cold and 
hunger, acute of sight and hearing. They fished, 
hunted and engaged in war. 

52. Name five articles that the Indians manu- 
factured. Describe one of them or illustrate it by a 
drawing. What were the chief articles of trade be- 
tween the Indians and the white men? 

Ans. Bows, flint arrowheads, canoes, moccasins 
and snowshoes. The canoes were made of birch 
bark, sewed with rawhide and made watertight with 
pitch. The Indians traded furs for guns, beads and 
bright cloth. 

53. What was the Indian mode of warfare? Ex- 
plain why many times the Indians were able to de- 
feat the disciplined troops. 

Ans. The Indians fought by skulking behind trees 
and lying in ambush. Their acuteness of sight and 
hearing enabled them to detect the presence of an 
enemy and by scattering through the forests they 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 19 

were able to gain an advantage over the massed 
troops of the English. 

54. Describe the character of the North American 
Indians as it appeared in (a) peace, (b) war. 

Ans. (a) In time of peace the North American In- 
dian hunted, fished and smoked. He never lied to 
members of his own tribe, and would stand by a 
friend. He always returned good for good and evil 
for evil, with interest, (b) In time of war the In- 
dian was treacherous to the enemy, brave, energetic 
and accustomed to long endurance. 

55. Define or explain with reference to Indian life, 
fiive of the following: (a) wigwam, (b) scalp-lock, 

(c) wampum, (d) totem, (e) moccasin, (f) death 
song, (g) running the gauntlet. 

Ans. (a) A wigwam was the cabin or hut in 
which the Indians lived. It was made of poles 
covered by skins and bark. Sometimes it served for 
a single family and sometimes it was larger and was 
occupied by several families, (b) A scalp-lock was 
a lock of hair left on the top of the Indian's head; 
the rest of his hair was cut off. In battle the Indian 
would grab the scalp-lock of his enemy and thus 
more readily secure his scalp, (c) Wampum was 
made of beads or shells and was used for ornament 
and as money. All records of treaties, etc., were 
kept by belts and other objects made of wampum. 

(d) The totem was generally a picture of some ani- 
mal from which the Indians believed he had de- 
scended. It was used on grave-stones, and as a 
seal on deeds, very much as the United States seal 
is used, (e) A moccasin was a soft shoe that the 
Indian made of skin and it was the best sort of 
shoe for a hunter's foot. 

56. Give the location in New York of the Iroquois 
or Six Nations; show how these Indians were of as- 
sistance to the growth and development of the Eng- 
lish colonies. 

Ans. Central and Western New York; the Iro- 
quois Indians were friendly to the English and 
Dutch, trading with, and selling land to them. They 
hated the French, and served as a barrier to keep 



20 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

them out of New Netherlands (N. Y.) At the great 
conference at Albany in 1754, some famous Iroquois 
orators were there to assist in laying plans to defeat 
the French. In fact, without them, England could 
not possibly have succeeded. 

57. Name the leading tribes of the Iroquois Con- 
federacy and specify two instances when the Iro- 
quois rendered important services to the white set- 
tlers. Explain how this was done. 

Ans. Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mo- 
hawks. 

The Iroquois sent messengers to the Albany Con- 
vention to warn the colonists that, unless they took 
up arms, the French would drive every Englishman 
out of the country. They aided Sir William John- 
son in the capture of Fort Niagara. 

58. What was the location, during the colonial 
period (a), of the Iroquois Indians? (b) State some 
of the characteristics of these Indians which dis- 
tinguished them from other tribes. 

Ans. (a) The central and western parts of New 
York State, (b) They were more highly cultured, 
united and better governed. They were also the 
fiercest and most warlike tribe on the Atlantic coast. 

59. Name three Indian tribes that lived in New 
England. How were the first settlers of New Eng- 
land received by the Indians? 

Ans. Narragansetts, Mohegans, Pequots. The In- 
dians were generally friendly toward them. 

60. Give an account of two instances in which 
early settlers were greatly aided by the Indians. 

Ans. In the starving time at Jamestown, Poca- 
hontas saved John Smith, and came every day with 
corn and fish to help the colonists along. In the 
hard times of the Plymouth colony, Samoset came 
and showed them how to fish and plant corn, and 
occasionally brought a deer to the colonists. Mas- 
sasoit also stopped a plan to kill all of the colonists 
by telling them of it. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 21 

61. Describe by a drawing or otherwise the " long 
house " of the Iroquois. 

Ans. The " long house " of the Iroquois had rudely 
framed sides and the roof covered with layers of 
elm bark. It was usually fifteen to twenty feet wide 
by one hundred feet long with a door at each end. 
Along each side were about a dozen stalls, in each 
of which lived a family. At regular intervals down 
the middle were five pits where the food was cooked. 
The smoke escaped through the holes in the roof. 

62. Give a brief account of the Conspiracy of 
Pontiac. 

Ans. As a result of the French and Indian War, 
the territory west of the Alleghany Mountains was 
transferred to English rule. This left the Algonquin 
Indians unprotected and many of these tribes united 
under Pontiac in one of the greatest Indian uprisings 
in history. Attacks were made almost simultane- 
ously on all the western forts and settlements from 
the Virginian frontier to the great lakes. Some of 
the besieged garrisons were well nigh annihilated. 
The war continued at intervals for three years when 
the Indians yielded and agreed to a treaty of peace. 
Pontiac went westward and finally perished at the 
hand of one of his own race. 

63. How did William Penn treat the Indians and 
with what results? 

Ans. William Penn soon after founding Philadel- 
phia made a treaty with the Indians. In the treaty 
which was merely a verbal agreement, it was stated 
that Penn and his followers would always treat the 
Indians with justice and consideration and regard 
them as brothers. The Indians showed their appre- 
ciation of Penn's fair treatment by saying they 
would live in love with William Penn and his chil- 
dren as long as the sun and moon give light. This 
treaty of Penn with the Indians was forever kept 
inviolate. 

64. Show why differences in the manner of living 
made conflicts between the English settlers in 
America and the Indians almost inevitable. 



22 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. The Indians obtained their sustenance 
mainly by hunting and fishing. These circumstances 
required that large tracts of land should be left in 
a wild state and be thinly settled. The English set- 
tlers cleared land and cultivated it. As the settlers 
increased in number they cleared more land end 
gradually encroached on the hunting and fishing 
grounds of the Indians. 

65. Name a colony that was not molested by In- 
dian wars and give a reason for its freedom from 
such wars. Mention two Indian wars that occurred 
in the New England colonies. 

Ans. New Jersey. Its geographical position, and 
the friendly disposition of its inhabitants toward the 
Indians. Pequot War and King Philip's War. 

SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 1607-1775.' 

66. What conditions in Europe aided and what re- 
tarded American colonization? Illustrate by refer- 
ences to French, Spanish and English settlements. 

Ans. Religious dissensions in France retarded 
American colonization at first, but later the perse- 
cutions of the Huguenots in the 17th century caused 
great numbers to settle in South Carolina. 

Spain's contentions with England and the Nether- 
lands during the latter part of the 16th century 
caused a great drain on her strength and she be- 
came unable to defend her colonies against the Eng- 
lish. 

The crowded industrial conditions during the 
reign of Elizabeth and the religious persecutions of 
the reign of James I, stimulated colonization in 
America, while the establishment of the common- 
wealth retarded colonization. 

67. Show in what ways England and Holland, in 
the colonial period, were more progressive in ideas 
and institutions than France and Spain. 

Ans. England and Holland sent out colonies which 
formed permanent settlements and governments; 
France and Spain sent out traders and explorers 
who did little to settle or improve the country. 
Schools were established by England and Holland. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 23 

08. Mention three European nations that made set- 
tlements in North America and give the location of 
the first permanent settlement made by each. 

Ans. France, Spain and England made settlements 
in America. Quebec, in the southern part of Canada, 
on the St. Lawrence, by the French. St. Augustine, 
in the northern part of Florida, by the Spanish. 
Jamestown, Virginia, by the English. 

69. Why were the first settlements in this country 
made near the coast and along the river valleys? 

Ans. They naturally settled in the first place 
reached and explored. Also communication by 
water was much easier and safer in early times than 
by land. 

70. Mention three difficulties that the early set- 
tlers had to overcome. 

Ans. Difficulties of transportation, of protection 
froha hostile natives, of clearing the land for cultiva- 
tion. 

71. Explain how a trading company established in 
England became the self-governing colony of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. 

Ans. In 1629 Charles I granted a charter to the 
Massachusetts Bay Company, a trading company 
which had the previous year purchased the land in 
Massachusetts by the Council of Plymouth. This 
charter gave the new company jurisdiction over 
their purchase and empowered it to make laws, pro- 
vided they should not be contrary to those of Eng- 
land, and to carry on trade. It was practically a 
charter of a trading company which was expected 
to retain the government of the colony in England, 
but John Winthrop, being elected governor of the 
company, quietly took the charter as he led a great 
number of colonists with him to America. Many 
Puritans followed, and a republic was practically 
established. 

72. Mention two unsuccessful attempts of the 
English to make settlements in North America be- 
fore 1607, and give an account of one of them. 



24 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. Two unsuccessful attempts were made by 
Sir Walter Raleigh to plailt English colonies in 
North America. The first attempt was made in 
1585, when one hundred colonists landed on Roanoke 
Island. They were improvident, spending their time 
searching for gold and silver. Drake, happening to 
stop there, found them nearly starved, and taking 
pity on them, carried them back to England. 

73. Compare Spanish and English colonization in 
America as to (a) locality, (b) objects, (c) treat- 
ment of natives, (d) effect on mother country, 

Ans. (a) The English settlements were along the 
Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia; the Spanish 
settlements were in Florida, Mexico, West Indies 
and South America, (b) The English sought homes 
and refuge from political and religious persecution; 
the Spanish sought gold, (c) The English generally 
treated the natives much better than the Spaniards 
who treated them as slaves, (d) The immediate 
effect on England was to take out of the country 
the restless and adventurous class; the remote effect 
was to increase her commerce. The immediate effect 
on Spain was to bring her great wealth; the remote 
effect was political corruption and weakness. 

74. (a) Name three Englishmen each of whom re- 
ceived a royal grant of territory and founded a col- 
ony in America; (b) State the motive for the found- 
ing of each of these colonies. 

Ans. Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, a place of 
refuge for persecuted Catholics. William Penn; a 
home for Quakers. James Oglethorpe; a colony for 
insolvent debtors who were imprisoned in England. 

75. The history of Massachusetts begins in an ob- 
scure Lincolnshire village, among a company of plain 
farmers and simple rustics, who had separated from 
the church of England, and paid for their temerity 
by bitter and unceasing persecution. 

Explain this statement by tracing the history of 
these Separatists till they made a settlement in what 
is now Massachusetts. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 25 

Ans. One band of the Separatists fled to Holland 
in 1608 and went later to Leyden where they re- 
mained eleven years. Anxious that their children 
should be English and not Dutch, they planned to 
establish a colony in America. In return for a large 
proportion of the profits of the colony to be founded, 
the London company provided supplies and vessels 
for the voyage. They left Leyden in the " Speed- 
well," to make a home in an unknown land. This 
vessel was exchanged for the " Mayflower " at South- 
ampton where they were joined by friends of the 
same belief. After a stormy voyage they landed at 
Plymouth, December 21, 1620. 

76. Who were the Puritans? Why did they come 
to America? What colony did they establish? 

Ans. Englishmen who wished to purify the Church 
of England. For freedom of worship. Massachu- 
setts Bay. 

77. Give an account of the first settlement of the 
Pilgrims in America, touching on location, date and 
first agreement as to government. Distinguish be- 
tween Puritans and Separatists. To which class did 
the Pilgrims belong? 

Aijs. The Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, 
1620, and in November came to anchor in Cape Cod 
Bay. Gathered in the cabin of the Mayflower, they 
drew up a compact agreeing to enact just and equal 
laws. An exploring party, led by Captain Standish, 
landed at Plymouth, December 21, 1620. Later all 
came ashore and commenced building their settle- 
ment. Puritans were so called because they claimed 
to be seeking purer church ways, but still retained 
their connection with the church of England. The 
Pilgrims were Separatists, a class of Englishmen 
who believed that any body of Christians might de- 
clare itself a church, choose its own officers and be 
independent of all external influence. 

78. Name five New England colonies and state one 
important fact in connection with the history of 
each. 

Ans. Plymouth — settled by the Pilgrims. Massa- 
chusetts Bay — Harvard college established 1636. 



26 . AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Connecticut — Thomas Hooker led colonists from 
Massachusetts. New Haven — settlers wi.hed no law 
except that which could be found in the Bible. 
Rhode Island — Founded by Roger Williams, as a 
refuge for those oppressed on account of their re- 
ligion. 

79. How was provision made, before the settle- 
ment, for the government of the colony at * (a) 
Jamestown, (b) Plymouth? 

Ans. (a) The London Company sent out a colony 
in 1607, under Captain Newport. The charter con- 
tained no thought of self-government on the part of 
the settlers. The king appointed a council to reside 
in London, and an inferior council to reside in the 
colony. The Church of England was to be the es- 
tablished church. For five years all the proceeds 
of their labor was to go into a common fund, of 
which the king was to have one-fifth, (b) Plymouth 
colony was founded without consent of king or coun- 
cil. The Pilgrims met in the cabin of the Mayflower 
and agreed upon the laws which should govern them, 
and elected John Carver governor. 

80. Compare the Jamestown colony with the Mas- 
sachusetts Bay colony in respect to (a) character of 
the settlers, (b) reason for settlement, (c) religion. 

Ans. The Jamestown colonists were mostly gentle- 
men or cavaliers of aristocratic families who were 
not used to hard labor. They came to America to 
seek their fortune. They thought they could find 
gold without working. They belonged to the Estab- 
lished Church of England. 

The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay colony were 
poor people who feared God. They came to 
America to establish a colony and worship God 
without molestation. They did not like the cere- 
monies of the Church of England and they desired 
to purify that religion; hence they were called Puri- 
tans. 

81. Describe the founding of Connecticut. 

Ans. In June, 1636, Thomas Hooker a Puritf'n pas- 
tor of Boston and his entire congregation migrated 
on foot to the Connecticut valley and settled at Hart- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 27 

ford. Other congregations from Massachusetts fol- 
lowed and within a year eight hundred people were 
in the valley. 

82. Describe the settlement of New Netherland, 
touching on (a) previous explorations, (b) purposes 
of the early settlers, (c) kind of government estab- 
lished. 

Ans. Champlain explored the northern portion of 
this region. Henry Hudson, while in the employ of 
the Dutch West India Co., discovered and sailed up 
the Hudson River in 1609. The company, finding fur 
trading with the Indians profitable, sent out a colony 
in 1623. Later, patroons were sent out, who settled 
along the banks of the Hudson. The purpose of the 
settlers was fur trading and agriculture. There was 
a governor and an assembly elected by the people, 
but the chief power was in the governor. 

83. Name the Dutch governors of New Amsterdam. 

Ans. Peter Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller, William 
Kieft and Peter Stuyvesant. 

84. State who the people were who made each of 
the following settlements and give the purpose in 
making each settlement: Massachusetts, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Georgia. 

Ans. English Puritans, refuge from religious per- 
secutions; Dutch, fur trade with the Indians; Eng- 
lish Quakers, the purpose was to found a Quaker 
colony on very liberal political and religious prin- 
ciples; English Catholics, refuge from religious per- 
secutions; English, the purpose was to plant a col- 
ony which should serve as a strong military out- 
post against the Spaniards and the Indians, who 
threatened the Carolinas. The colony was also in- 
tended as a refuge for English debtors. 

85. Give an account of the Pilgrims, touching on 
the following points: (a) who they were, (b) why 
they went to Holland, (c) why they left Holland, 
(d) how they came to land at Plymouth harbor, (e) 
the appearance and the condition of the region where 
they settled. 



28 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. (a) They were those English Puritans who, 
owing to dissatisfaction with the doctrines and ritual 
of the English church as arranged in Queen Eliza- 
beth's time, had left the Church of England and were 
known as Separatists, (b) To escape religious per- 
secution and to secure religious liberty, (c) To pre- 
serve their English speech and nationality. (d) 
They set sail for the coast of New Jersey, but went 
so far out of their way that they found themselves 
on the northern shore of Cape Cod, (e) Bleak and 
unfertile. 

86. Give a brief account of Roger Williams in his 
relation to colonial history, 

Ans, Roger Williams, a minister of Massachusetts 
Bay colony, was to be sent back to England on ac- 
count of his religious teachings; but he escaped to 
the wilderness and sought refuge with the Indians. 
He afterward founded the colony of Rhode Island. 
During the Pequot War he interceded with the Nar- 
rangansetts for the whites, and prevented this tribe 
from joining the hostile Indians. 

87. Write a sketch of Roger Williams, showing (a) 
why he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay 
colony, (b) his relations with the Indians, (c) the 
distinguishing feature of the charter obtained by him 
from the king. 

Ans. (a) Roger Williams taught that each person 
should think for himself in all religious matters, 
and was consequently ordered to leave Massachu- 
setts Bay colony. An attempt was made to arrest 
and to send him to England, (b) He fled to the 
wilderness, where he was befriended by the Indians, 
who gave him land to found a settlement, which he 
named Providence. In 1644 Williams obtained a 
charter for the government from England, which 
guaranteed " freedom of faith and worship to all." 

88. Describe the settlement of one of the follow- 
ing: (a) Pennsylvania, (b) Rhode Island, (c) 
Georgia. 

Ans. Rhode Island was founded by Roger Wil- 
liams, who was banished by the Puritans and set- 
tled at Providence. He was followed by Anne 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 29 

Hutchinson, who brought some more colonists. He 
sailed for England and received a charter from the 
king, which was a very liberal one. It granted the 
right of religious freedom, and gave him the right 
to make laws. At the time of the confederation of 
the New England settlements, he was refused en- 
trance to it, and when a royal governor was sent 
over to take away the charter it was refused him, 
and remained a chartered government up to the 
time of the Revolution. 

89. (a) Which colony was the first to pass an act 
tolerating freedom of Christian worship? (b) What 
man was the first to resist the religious intolerance 
of the Puritans? 

Ans. (a) Rhode Island, (b) Rcrger Williams. 

90. State by what nation and for what purpose 
each of the following colonies was settled: Georgia, 
New York and Louisiana. 

Ans. English, as a barrier against the Spaniards 
in Florida and as a refuge for poor English debtors 
imprisoned under the severe laws of that time; 
Dutch, traffic in furs with the Indians. French, 
possession of the Mississippi valley. 

91. Mention two New England colonies that were 
first settled by people from Massachusetts. Give 
an account of the settlement of one of these colonies. 

Ans. Rhode Island and Connecticut. Rhode Island 
was settled by Roger Williams. Williams fled from 
Massachusetts on account of his religious belief. 
He went to Rhode Island with a few followers and 
founded the city of Providence, 

92. Give an account of the discovery of the Hud- 
son River and the settlement of the colony of New 
York. 

Ans. Henry Hudson, sailing in the employ of a 
Dutch Company in search of a northeast passage to 
India, entered New York Bay in 1609 and explored 
the Hudson River as far as the present site of Al- 
bany. As a result of his report that furs could be 



30 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

obtained from the natives, a company was organized 
to carry on fur trade and the settlements of Fort 
Orange and New Amsterdam made. By establishing 
a colony of fifty persons, men, called patroons, were 
granted large tracts of land. 

93. (a) Where was the settlement of the Swedes 
in North America? (b) By the people of what na- 
tion were they dispossessed of their settlement? 

Ans. (a) At Fort Christiana, on the Delaware 
River, (b) By the Dutch. 

94. Describe Raleigh's attempts to settle Virginia 
and state (a) the immediate results, (b) a remote 
result. 

Ans. The first expedition Raleigh sent out to settle 
Virginia amounted to nothing. The second one dis- 
appeared and no traces were found of them. One 
of the colonists had returned to England for a short 
time, but business kept him longer than he expected. 
The colonists had been told if they went away to put 
the name of the place where they went on a tree, 
and if in distress to put a cross over it. The colonist 
found the name Croatan, but no cross over it when 
he returned, (a) It gave to England the potjto and 
tobacco plant, (b) The people never forgot Raleigh's 
attempts and it encouraged them to settle it later. 

95. State, with reference to the settlement of 
Pennsylvania, (a) purpose of its founder, (b) kind 
of government established, (c) results of the " great 
treaty." 

Ans, Pennsylvania w?s founded by WTi-m P nn, 
for the Quakers, who were persecuted in England 
on account of their religion. The government was 
based on the great code or laws which was a set of 
just ?nd equpl laws, drawn up by the legislptive as- 
sembly, Penn called this assembly together from 
among the settlers. It provided, that all persons 
should be protected in the worship of God, and that 
no person should be made to attend or support any 
form of worship against his will, that all freemen 
should be allowed to vote, and all church members 
be allowed to hold office, that the death penalty 
should be used for two crimes only, murder and 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 31 

treason, and that the prison should be made a work- 
shop and a place of reformation. 

Penn made a treaty with the Indians, and it was 
the only treaty never sworn to, and always kept, 
and while the Indians fought the white settlers and 
waged war against them, they never shed one drop 
of Quaker blood. 

96. Describe three peculiar customs or beliefs of 
the Friends or Quakers of colonial times. 

Ans. The Quakers believed that all men were 
equal; hence, they would take off their hats to none. 
They were opposed to war and all kinds of oppres- 
sion. They believed in plainness of speech and of 
dress. 

97. Write an account of William Penn and his 
settlement of Pennsylvania, touching on the follow- 
ing points: how he secured his grant, his purpose, 
the Great Charter and two provisions of this charter. 

Ans. William Penn, a rich Quaker, obtained from 
Charles II a grant of land west of the Delaware 
River^ in payment for a debt due him from the 
crown. His purpose was to found a refuge for the 
persecuted Quakers of England. Penn visited his 
colony in 1682 and called together a legislative as- 
sembly. This body agreed to the Great Charter 
which provided that none except Christians could 
vote and hold office and that no one believing in 
God should be molested in his religious views. 

98. State in regard to the Quakers (a) why they 
were persecuted, (b) what colony they founded, (c) 
how they were governed as a colony. 

Ans. (a) The Quakers refused to take any oath, to 
pay tithes and to obey any law considered by them 
iniquitous. This brought them into conflict with the 
authorities and led to their persecution, (b) They 
founded Pennsylvania, (c) They were governed by 
the Great Law and by the golden rule. 

99. Explain how the following statement applies 
to the early settlers of Virginia: " Unfitted for their 
environment, they were doomed to extinction by that 



32 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

pitiless law which works ever to abolish from the 
earth the improvident, the idle and the vicious." 

Ans. The early settlers of Virginia consisted 
mainly of gentlemen who had never worked and idle 
adventurers. As a result of reports that had 
reached Europe, they expected to collect gold with 
ease and had no desire to fell the forests, build 
homes and plant crops. No supplies were provided 
for the winter and a large number perished from 
hunger and disease. Dissensions among the colonists 
delayed the choice of a leader who would establish 
the law " that he who will not work shall not eat." 
Misery and want prevailed until stern discipline 
compelled order and industry. 

100. Sketch the colonial career of Peter Minuit. 

Alls. Peter Minuit, the first resident governor of 
New Netherland, bought Manhattan Island for 
twenty-four dollars' worth of scarlet cloth and beads. 
He was recalled because accused of favoring the 
patroons. Later he brought over a colony of Swedes 
who settled at Wilmington, Del. 

101. How did the English obtain possession of New 
York? What was the basis of their claim? 

Ans. In 1664 an English fleet entered New York 
Bay and, as the Dutch had no means of defense. 
Governor Stuyvesant surrendered. The English 
founded their claim on the discoveries of the Cabots. 

102. Give two reasons why Governor Berkeley was 
disliked by the Virginians. 

Ans. He allowed the mass of the people no voice 
in the government and refused to aid in the protec- 
tion of the colonists against the Indians who began 
massacring the people on the frontier. 

103. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: Cecil Calvert, Massasoit, Peter Minuit, Wil- 
liam Penn, Pocahontas, Governor Winthrop, Roger 
Williams. 

Ans. Cecil Calvert, son of Lord Baltimore, founded 
Maryland for a place of refuge for persecuted 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 33 

Catholics. INIassasoit, father of King Philip, was 
the chief of a New England tribe of Indians. He 
made a treaty with the Plymouth colony, which was 
faithfully kept till his death. William Penn, an 
English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania as a place 
of refuge for the persecuted Quakers. Pocahontas 
was an Indian princess. She saved John Smiths 
life and later married John Rolfe. Roger Williams 
was a minister who was banished from Massachu- 
setts. He founded Rhode Island. 

104. Draw a map of the eastern coast of the 
United States, showing by an X the location, with 
name, of Plymouth, New Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 
Jamestown, St. Augustine. Give the name of the 
European nation that settled each of these places. 

Ans. Plymouth, southeastern coast of Massachu- 
setts, English; New Amsterdam, southeastern New 
York, Dutch; Philadelphia, southeastern Pennsyl- 
vania, English; Jamestown, eastern Virginia, Eng- 
lish; St. Augustine, northeastern Florida, Spanish. 

105. The Dutch West India Company encouraged 
the colonization of New York by making patroon 
grants. Tell briefly what this system was, why the 
company encouraged it and what advantages came 
to New York because of it. 

Ans. The company allowed a person who should 
plant a colony of fifty persons to select a tract of 
land sixteen miles wide, bordering on any stream 
whose shores were not yet occupied and running 
back from the stream indefinitely. The patroon 
could govern his possessions absolutely and the land 
should descend to his heirs. The company hoped by 
this system to promote the rapid settlement of the 
colony. New York thus became settled by industri- 
ous agricultural colonists who were seeking perman- 
ent homes. 

106. Give an account of the Dutch West India 
Company, touching on (a) powers and privileges, 
(b) character of first settlements made under its au- 
thority, (c) means used to secure an agricultural 
population, (d) causes of disputes with its colonists. 



34 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. (a) Absolute power in respect to government 
and trade, (b) trading posts, (c) the patroon system 
which gave valuable privileges to the patroon who 
would take or send to America at least fifty emi- 
grants over fifteen years of age, (d) the fact that 
the colonists did not have self government as at 
home, the company's power being absolute. 

107. What conditions did the Dutch West India 
Company exact of those who were made patroons 
in New Netherlands 

Ans, Induce 50 families to settle on land in four 
years. Purchase land of Indians. Supply minister 
and school-master for each estate. On these condi- 
tions, he could have eight miles on each side of a 
river or 16 miles on one side and extend back as far 
as he chose, 

108. Give a brief account of the following named 
persons in their relations to the colonial history of 
America: Sir Edmund Andros, King Philip, Na- 
thaniel Bacon, James Oglethorpe. 

Ans. In 1674 Sir Edmund Andros was appointed 
governor of New York by the King of England, and 
received the surrender of the province from the 
Dutch. He was very tyrannical, and also seized the 
colony of New Jersey from Cartaret. He was re- 
called on account of serious charges, but succeeded 
in clearing himself and was appointed governor of 
all New England in 1786. There he was equally 
tyrannical, in fact more so, and attempted to seize 
the charter of Connecticut. New York and New Jer- 
sey were added to his jurisdiction in 1688, but the 
revolution in England dethroned his royal master 
and the people seized him in 1689, sent him to Eng- 
land, and resumed government under their charters. 

Massasoit, the father of King Philip, was friendly 
with the whites, but after his death, Philip, brood- 
ing over imaginary wrongs, made war upon the 
whites, in which many people were barbarously 
killed. Finally the whites combined to exterminate 
the whole tribe (Wampanoags) and after capturing 
Philip's wife and son, chased him to a swamp near 
his old home, Mt. Hope. Rhode Island, where he was 
shot. His wife and son were sold as slaves. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 35 

Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, did not govern the 
colony well, refusing, among other things, to pro- 
tect the people from the Indians for fear hs would 
lose a lucrative trade. Unable to endure this any 
longer, the people requested Nathaniel Bacon, a pa- 
triotic young lawyer, to lead them against the hostile 
Indians, which he did successfully, but instead of 
commending him. Governor Berkeley denounced him 
as a " traitor " and undertook to punish him. But 
Bacon seized the wives of many of Berkeley's 
friends and placed them in front so as to prevent 
attack by Berkeley's troops. In the midst of success 
Bacon died, and no one could take his place. 

In England people were imprisoned for debt, pro- 
ducing great misery. James Oglethorpe, a member 
of Parliament, with a view of relieving them, and 
also to protect the English colony of South Caro- 
lina from the Spanish in Florida, proposed to select 
the most worthy ones, paj" their debts and send them 
to America to begin anew. This was done, and the 
colony was established in 1723, and named Georgia 
in honor of George II, who granted the charter. 

109. Give the name of a person prominently identi- 
fied with the settlement of each of the following: 
(a) Kentucky, (b) Maryland, (c) Quebec, (d) Georgia 
(e) Pennsylvania. 

Ans. (a) Daniel Boone, (b) George Calvert, known 
as Lord Baltimore, (c) Champlain, (d) Oglethorpe, 
(e) William Penn, 

110. Give an account of the struggle between the 
colonists and Sir Edmund Andros, as royal governor. 

Ans. Charles II had finally succeeded in annulling 
the charter of Massachusetts in 1684. He died, how- 
ever, before completing arrangements for a new 
government. When James II came to the throne he 
immediately sent Sir Edmund Andros, as absolute 
ruler over the New England colonies, New York and 
New Jersey, His headquarters were at Boston. 
Contrary to the wishes of the people, he enforced the 
Episcopal service, abolished their legislature, levied 
exorbitant taxes, confiscated property, etc. At one 
time he tried to sieze the charters of Connecticut 
and Rhode Island, but owing to strategy on the part 
of the colonists, failed to do so. When James II was 



36 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

dethroned, and William III became king, the colon- 
ists seized Andros and cast him into prison. The 
old form of government was then restored. 

111. Draw an outline map of New York State and 
on it locate approximately two of the earliest Dutch 
settlements. 

Ans. See text-book for map. New Amsterdam 
(New York), at the mouth of the Hudson River. 
Fort Orange (Albany), on the Hudson about 150 
miles from its mouth. 

112. Draw an outline map of the New England 
States and on it locate Plymouth, Boston, Providence 
and Hartford. 

Ans. See text-book for map. Plymouth, eastern 
coast of INIassachusetts; Boston, on Boston Bay on 
eastern coast of Massachusetts; Providence, north- 
eastern Rhode Island, near the head of Narragan- 
sett Bay; Hartford, north central of Connecticut, on 
Connecticut River. 

113. Mention two dangers to the New England 
colonists that had an influence in the formation of 
the colonial confederacy of 1634. What colonies 
were included in this confederacy? 

Ans. Danger of attack from the Indians. En- 
croachments of the French and Dutch. Massachu- 
setts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven 
colonies. 

114. The governors of New York may be classified 
as Dutch, English, and American. Mention a gover- 
nor of each class. (Governors since 1860 not to be 
considered.) 

Ans. Dutch, Peter Stuyvesant. English, Sir Ed- 
mund Andros. American, Horatio Seymour. (Other 
correct answers may be given.) 

115. Give an account of the attempt of James II 
to unite the northern colonies under Sir Edmund 
Andros, touching on (a) the purpose of the union. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 37 

(b) the extent of territory affected, (c) the char- 
acter and the end of the rule of Andros. 

Ans. (a) To bring the colonies more directly un- 
der the control of the king and to make it easier 
to repel the French, who were encroaching on the 
north and west, (b) New York, New Jersey and the 
New England States, (c) The rule of Andros was 
very unpopular, both on account of his own arbi- 
trary ways and because he represented a tyrannical 
king. At the accession of William and Mary the 
people threw Andros into prison and set up a tem- 
porary government. 

116. Name the different forms of government in 
the colonies. Describe one of the forms named. 

Ans. Charter, proprietary and royal. Connecti- 
cut and Rhode Island had liberal charters granted 
by the king of England. The people elected the gov- 
ernor and made the laws with very little interfer- 
ence from the mother-country. 

117. By what means did colonial assemblies con- 
trol to some extent the actions of the governors? 
How did England try to prevent this control and 
with what result? Does a New York legislature of 
the present day exercise any control over the gover- 
nor, and if so by what means? 

Ans. By power of voting appropriations of money. 
By the Townshend acts which laid a tax on tea, 
glass, etc. The colonists resisted the tax, agreeing 
not to buy any British goods till the duties were 
repealed. Parliament soon rescinded the taxes ex- 
cept that on tea. The legislature controls all ap- 
propriations and may or may not pass laws to carry 
out his recommendations. 

118. Where and by whom was the first permanent 
settlement in New England made? Which of the New 
England colonies had charter governments at the 
outbreak of the Revolution? 

Ans. .By the Pilgrims under Gov. Carver at Ply- 
mouth. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. 



38 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

119. (a) In which colony was the first representa- 
tive assembly held? (b) Give its name and the date 
of its meeting. 

Ans. (a) Virginia, (b) House of Burgesses. July 
30, 1619. 

120. What was the character of the laws enacted 
by the Puritans? 

Ans. These laws greatly restricted personal liberty 
and provided harsh punishment for violatois. They 
dealt with religious observances and many other 
things now left to the individual conscience. 

121. Describe by drawing or otherwise two of the 
following: (a) blockhouse, (b) spinningwheel, (c) 
colonial fireplace, (d) snow-shoe. 

Ans. The blockhouse was a kind of a fort. It was 
made of green logs, so that bullets would sink into it 
easily, and to stop burning arrows which were shot 
by the Indians to set it on fire. It was made on an 
embankment, with straight logs driven into the 
ground; the top logs were crossed on these, and the 
roof was slanting and in it was a trap door, so made 
that water could be poured from it over the roof. A 
colonial fireplace was built on one side of the room. 
It was made of red brick, was open in front, and 
was from three to five feet wide, three feet high and 
five to six feet long. It was lined with red brick, 
and sometimes had clay ovens. It generally had an 
iron hook extending from the wall, on which were 
hung kettles. The chimney was very wide, so that 
chimney sweeps could go up and down easily. 

122. Mention three principal industries of the early 
New England States. Explain how one of these in- 
dustries brought the English colonists into conflict 
with the Dutch. 

Ans. Fishing, farming and traffic with the Indians. 
The Dutch of New Amsterdam and the English of 
Plymouth both strove to get a foothold in the rich 
meadow lands of the Connecticut. This led to 
border conflicts. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 39 

123. What was the chief occupation of the early 
settlers on (a) Manhattan island, (b) in Virginia, 

(c) in Massachusetts? 

Ans. (a) Fur trading with the Indians, (b) Culti- 
vation of tobacco, (c) Commerce and fishing. 

124. Mention a colony that before the Revolution 
engaged largely in (a) fishing, (b) fur trading, (c) 
commerce, (d) tobacco raising, (e) rice growing. 

Ans. (a) Plymouth, (b) New Netherland, (c) Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, (d) Virginia, (e) South Carolina. 

125. State the cause and the results of King 
Philip's war. 

Ans. The English were rapidly settling in Massa- 
chusetts and Rhode Island and driving out the In- 
dians. King Philip, an Indian chief, saw that the 
Indians must exterminate the white settlers or they 
themselves would be exterminated. After nearly two 
years of fighting the Indian power was completely 
broken. King Philip was slain and the Indians in 
this portion of the country never again made war 
on the colonists. 

126. Define or explain five of the following: (a) 
charter, (b) royal governor, (c) proprietary colony, 

(d) regicides, (e) New England Confederacy, (f) 
witchcraft, (g) Puritan, (h) Pilgrim. 

Ans. A royal governor was one appointed by the 
ting to govern a colony. A proprietary colony was 
one owned and governed by a man to whom the king 
had given the land and the right to govern it. Regi- 
cides were those who fled to New England to seek 
safety from the king who wished to execute them 
because they had helped to secure the execution of 
Charles I. The Puritans were a religious class that 
did not believe in the forms of the Church of Eng- 
land, but they thought that they ought to stay in the 
church and try to purify it of these forms. The 
Pilgrims were a religious class that did not believe 
in the forms of the Church of England, but thought 
it best to separate from the established church and 
set up a form of worship of their own. 



40 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

127. State what was done in the 18th century to 
people who failed to pay their debts. Show how the 
laws against debtors brought many settlers to the 
American colonies. 

Ans. If they could not pay their debts on demand, 
they were cast into prison. James Oglethorpe 
founded Georgia as a refuge for debtors imprisoned 
under the severe laws of that time. 

128. Describe the home life of the people of Vir- 
ginia in colonial days. 

Ans. The majority of the early settlers of Vir- 
ginia were of pure English descent and of aristo- 
cratic tendencies. The rich lived on large planta- 
tions in stately houses furnished with oak and ma- 
hogany brought from England. There were expen- 
sive silver plate and wines on their tables. They 
had numerous negro slaves to serve them. Their 
mode of life and social customs were very similar 
to those of the aristocratic class of England at that 
time, 

129. Describe the methods of cooking in colonial 
homes. 

Ans. The cooking was done in open fireplaces. 
Food for boiling and for soups was placed in iron 
pots hung by pot hooks to the ends of cranes which 
swung so that the cooking vessels could be placed 
over the fire or removed at will. Plat cakes of In- 
dian meal or rye were baked over the hot coals. 
Potatoes were baked in a bed of hot ashes. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS, 1689-1763. 

130. Name the intercolonial wars. Give the date 
of the beginning and of the termination of these 
wars. What was the final result? 

Ans. King William's 1689-97, Queen Anne's 1702- 
13, King George's 1744-48, French and Indian 1754- 
63. Most late authors call them one war, with in- 
tervals of peace from 1689 to 1763, 74 years, but the 
last battle (Capture of Quebec) was fought Septem- 
ber 18, 1759. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 41 

France gave all her possessions east of the Missis- 
sippi (except some small islands) to England; west 
of Mississippi and New Orleans to Spain. 

131. What was the cause of the French and Indian 
war? 

Ans. Disputed territory west of Alleghany Moun- 
tains, French and English both claiming forts and 
territory. 

132. Mention an important operation of the French 
and Indian war between the defeat of Braddock and 
the capture of Quebec and note its effect upon the 
course of the struggle, 

Ans. An expedition was organized by the English 
in 1758 to capture Louisburg, a French stronghold at 
the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. General Am- 
herst was sent with a powerful fleet and after seven 
weeks of bombardment, the French surrendered and 
this stronghold for the second time passed into Eng- 
lish hands. This expedition was a help to the Eng- 
lish and encouraged them to prosecute the war with 
energy. 

133. How did the Treaty of Utrecht affect terri- 
tories in America? 

Ans. By this treaty Acadia, Newfoundland and the 
Hudson Bay territory were ceded by France to Eng- 
land. 

134. Give an account of the explusion of the 
Acadians from their homes, noting (a) the location 
of Acadia, (b) the reason for their explusion, (c) 
other matters of importance. 

Ans. (a) Acadia was what is now called Nova 
Scotia, (b) The Acadians were in sympathy with 
the French, and the English feared their influence, 
and at the same time, wanted theirJands. (c) So 
the Acadians were assembled in their churches to 
hear the decision of the king, and many thousand 
of them were driven at the point of the bayonet, 
on board English ships, and were scattered along 
the Atlantic coast in the various colonies, while 



42 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

some were taken to the mouth of the Mississippi 
River. In the confusion some of the families separ- 
ated, and many suffered untold hardships, some evea 
dying of hunger. This enforced exile of the Acadians' 
is generally considered a cruel and unjustifiable act 
on the part of thie English. 

135. Tell why the English drove the Acadian set- 
tlers from their homes. 

Alls. The treaty of peace between England and 
France at the close of Queen Anne's war, 1713, gave 
England full possession of Acadia. The English 
suspected that the Acadians were secretly hostile to 
England and urged them to take the oath of alleg- 
iance to the English sovereign. This they, for the 
most part, refused to do. Therefore the English de- 
termined to banish them from the country. 

136. Show the importance of Fort Duquesne in the 
French and Indian War. Describe an expedition 
against this fort. 

Ans. Fort Duquesne was the key to the West. It 
was an easy starting place to go north, south, east 
or west, and was located near a number of navig- 
able rivers, which made it an easy way to get sup- 
plies. 

Washington had command of the colonial troops 
and Braddock had command of the British regulars. 
The British troops had never fought the Indians, 
and so did not understand Indian warfare. Wash- 
ington was explaining to Braddock, who was very 
proud, the way the Indians who were aiding the 
French fought, when Braddock said: "The Indians 
may frighten Continental troops, but they can make 
no impression on the King's regulars." The army 
started out for the fort with drums beating and 
colors flying, and when they were crossing a deep 
ravine, the Indians sprang from a thicket. The 
British regulars huddled together, fired and then 
fled, while Washington with his men fought the In- 
dians and covered the flight. 

137. How did the Indian method of fighting differ 
from that of European soldiers? How was this dif- 
ference illustrated at the time of Braddock's defeat? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 43 

Ans. The Indian preferred treachery and cunning 
to open battle. They were accustomed to lie in wait 
for an enemy and figlit under protection of trees and 
other objects. While Braddock's army was march- 
ing along the road in ranks they were attacked by 
the Indians and French, who were scattered and 
were skulking behind trees and logs. 

138. Mention two reasons for the general friendli- 
ness of the Indian tribes for the French rather than 
for the English during the early struggles for the 
possession of this continent. 

Ans. The French aided the Indians in their wars. 
The influence of the Jesuits. (Other correct answers 
may be given.) 

139. Compare the French and English colonies at 
the beginning of the French and Indian war with 
respect to (a) unity of government, (b) number of 
settlers capable of bearing arms, and (c) possession 
of strategic points. 

Ans. (a) French colonies had a more uniform 
government, (b) English had more settlers capable 
of bearing arms. (c) French possessed most 
strategic points, viz.. Forts Duquesne, Crown Point, 
Ticonderoga, Niagara and Louisburg. 

140. Write a sketch of the wars between the Eng- 
lish colonists and the French, based on the follow- 
ing outline: (a) general causes, (b) the circum- 
stances that brought on the last struggle, (c) the 
final result. 

Ans. (a) The French and Indians wars were due 
to the colonies taking the part of their mother coun- 
tries in European conflicts, the competition for the 
control of America and to border friction, (b) It 
was a direct conflict for control of Americpn ter- 
ritory and began in this country, (c) The English 
gained control of Canada and of all North America 
westward to the Mississippi, except New Orleans 
and the land adjacent. 

141. Give an account of the following connected 
with the intercolonial wars: (a) causes, (b) banish- 



L' 



44 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

ment of the Acadians, (c) the decisive battle and its 
results. 

Ans. (a) The first three were caused by a dis- 
pute about the crown in Europe. The French and 
Indian War, by a dispute about the boundary line 
between the French and English possessions in 
America, (b) The English took possession of Acadia, 
driving the inhabitants on board of vessels in the 
harbor, from whence they were distributed through 
the colonies; families were separated by this means 
and many were never reunited, (c) The battle of 
Quebec was fought between the English under 
Wolfe and the French under Montcalm. The French 
were defeated and England gained all the French 
possessions in America except two small islands. 

142. Mention an essential particular in which the 
French colonies in America differed from the Eng- 
lish colonies in (a) government, (b) industries. How 
was each of these differences an advantage to the 
French in war? a disadvantage? 

Ans. (a) There was little local self government 
among the French. They received their orders 
mainly from the home government, while the Eng- 
lish colonists were accustomed to local self govern- 
ment, and were self reliant, (b) The French were 
generally engaged in the fur trade, while the Eng- 
lish were farmers. 

The French in trading with the Indians made them 
their friends, but they did not have farms to furnish 
supplies as the English did. The French was more 
helpless in war, since they depended on the home 
government for assistance, while the English, 
trained to act together, were able to protect them- 
selves in a great measure. 

143. Draw a map of North America including the 
St. Lawrence, Hudson, Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 
and on it locate either the territory under control 
of the French, the Spanish and the English in 1750, 
or the territory gained by the English in the French 
and Indian War, or two French forts and two Eng- 
lish forts of the French and Indian War. 



AMERICAN UIl^TOBY. 45 

Ans. See text-books for maps showing the locality 
of territory. 

144. Show the importance in the French and In- 
dian War of each of the following: (a) Louisburg, 
(b) Quebec, (c) Fort Duquesne. 

Alls, (a) Louisburg was important to the French 
because it commanded the whole of Acadia. If this 
stronghold were captured by the English they could 
move on to Quebec without molestation, (b) Quebec 
was the strongest fortification in the hands of the 
French and besides it commanded the St. Lawrence. 
From this place expeditions could be sent out against 
the English. If this place were captured, the French 
could no longer hold Canada, (c) Fort Duquesne 
was the strongest and most important point held by 
the French in the Ohio valley. It controlled the 
gateway to the west and attacking parties could 
cross over into the English colonies. 

145. State approximately when the intercolonial 
(French and English) wars began and when they 
ended. Give the principal cause and the final result 
of these wars. 

Ans. 1689-1763. Remote cause: Contest between 
England and France for possession of America. Im- 
mediate cause: Hostility toward each other and 
conflicting claims to the Ohio valley. The final re- 
sult of these wars was to deprive France of all her 
possessions in America; while Great Britain gained 
possession of Canada and all that part of the United 
States that lies between the Atlantic and the Missis- 
sippi except a small strip about New Orleans. 

146. Give two reasons why the English and the 
French colonists were brought into the conflicts 
called the French and Indian wars. 

Ans. (a) European wars between England and 
France due to rivalry and national hostility, (b) 
The conflicting claims of the English and the French 
in the Ohio valley. 

147. Name and locate six fortified places taken 
from the French by the English during the French 
and Indian War. 



46 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. Port Duquesne, in Western Pennsylvania. 
Fort Niagara, on the Niagara River. Forts Ticonde- 
roga and Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Fort 
Frontenac on nortliern sliore of Lake Ontario. 
Louisburg on Cape Breton Island. Quebec on tho 
St. Lawrence. 

148. (a) How did General Wolfe effect the capture 
of Quebec? (b) What were the results of Wolfe's 
victory? 

Ans. (a) He led his army at night by a narrow 
-path up the side of the cliff along the bank of the 
river above Quebec, and in the morning held a posi- 
tion on the Plains of Abraham commanding the city. 
Montcalm came out to fight him, was defeated and 
the surrender of Quebec followed, (b) The loss of 
Quebec, the last French stronghold, brought the war 
to an end and France ceded to England all her terri- 
tory in North America east of the Mississippi River. 

149. Mention two instances where George Wash- 
ington rendered efficient service during the interco- 
lonial wars. 

Ans. At Braddock's defeat. At the final capture 
of Fort Duquesne. 

150. What American territory was transferred to 
Spain by the treaty of 1763, which closed the French 
and Indian War? 

Ans. New Orleans and all territory west of Missis- 
sippi. 

151. Write on one of the following: (a) Effects 
of the French and Indian wars on the colonies, (b) 
important events in Governor Dongan's administra- 
tion. 

Ans. (a) It made the colonists think that they did 
not need English soldiers to protect them, (b) It 
encouraged emigration to the west. It stopped the 
French from attacking the colonies. 

152. Mention facts in history of the American 
colonies that seem to justify the following: Few 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 47 

characters in history are indispensable. From Wil- 
liam of Orange to William Pitt the younger there 
was but one man without whom English history must 
have taken a different turn, and that was William 
Pitt the elder. 

Ans. In the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, 
France combined with Austria and Russia against 
Prussia. England came to the aid of Prussia. By 
his support of Prussia, Pitt kept the French engaged 
in Europe while the English were attacking them on 
the sea and depriving them of their colonial posses- 
sions. Thus the English instead of the French be- 
came the dominant nation of North America. 

EEVOLUTIO^ART PERIOD, 1775-1783. 

153. State some restriction which England put 
upon its colonies in America in the matter of (a) 
manufactures, (b) commerce. 

Ans. (a) They were restricted in the manufacture 
of cloth, iron goods, etc. (b) They could trade only 
with the mother country, and send goods in none 
but English ships. 

154. (a) Why did the colonists resist taxation by 
the mother country? (b) Name three colonial ora- 
tors whose speeches did much to cause such resist- 
ance. 

Ans. (a) The colonists were mostly Englishmen 
and they had been trained to the principle of Eng- 
lish law, that the king had no right to tax his sub- 
jects except by consent of their representatives in 
Parliament. Their feeling of opposition was intensi- 
fied by the proposition to use the taxes collected 
from them to pay the English troops quartered upon 
the colonial towns. The law forbidding the colonists 
to trade with foreign countries was enforced and 
houses were searched on " writs of assistance." The 
feeling against the mother country continued to 
grow more intense, and the rallying cry of opposi- 
tion became " Taxation without representation is 
tyranny." (b) Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams and 
James Otis. 



48 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

155. Mention two occasions before 1774 when Eng- 
lish colonies in America united or tried to unite for 
some common purpose. Give an account of one of 
these attempts. 

Ans. The Albany Congress, 1754; the Stamp Act 
Congress, 1765. The Albany Congress was called 
for the purpose of making a treaty with the Iro- 
quois Indians and of considering means of common 
defence against French aggression in the northwest. 

156. What were the Navigation Acts and for what 
purpose were they enacted? 

Ans. They were acts passed by the English Parlia- 
ment. They ordered that the commerce of the col- 
onies should be carried on only in English ships and 
that all exports should be shipped to English ports. 
Their original purpose was to aid English commerce 
and to prevent the Dutch from competing with Eng- 
land. 

157. Note some of the means employed by the 
colonies during the years immediately preceding the 
Revolution to secure unity of action against the op- 
pression of the English government. 

Ans. (a) The Stamp Act Congress prepared 
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, (b) Non-im- 
portation agreements, (c) Refusal of chief colonial 
cities to pay a tax on tea. (d) First Continental 
Congress, 1774, prepared a Declaration of Rights, 
formed an American Association, etc. (Answer will 
vary.) 

158. State (a) the purpose of the Stamp Act, (b) 
one reason why the colonists thought the stamp act 
unjust. 

Ans. (a) The purpose of the Stamp Act was to 
raise money to pay the British soldiers, who were 
sent over to America by the king to enforce the laws, 
(b) The colonists thought the Stamp Act unjust, be- 
cause it W8S another form of taxation, and they 
thought taxation without representation tyranny. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 49 

159. Name three important events that occurred in 
Boston between January 1, 1770, and January 1, 1777. 

Ans. Boston INIassacre, Boston Tea Party and the 
Evacuation of Boston. 

160. Give an account of the public services of 
George Washington prior to the Revolution. 

Ans. Washington was a surveyor. While in gov- 
ernment employ he surveyed the land in the region 
of the Alleghany mountains. He was adjutant-gen- 
eral of the Virginia militia. He was in the first ex- 
pedition against Fort Duquesne and fought in the 
battle in which Braddock was defeated. Washing- 
ton skillfully covered the retreat and later captured 
the fort. 

161. (a) What measures did the colonists take to 
resist the operations of the Stamp Act? (b) What 
did the English government immediately do on re- 
pealing the act to maintain its right to tax the 
colonists? 

Ans. (a) Refused to use the stamps and destroyed 
them when possible. Ill treated officials who sold 
them. Held meetings to express their opposition. 
Called a congress of colonial delegates at New York 
to protest against the Stamp Act and petition for its 
repeal, (b) Passed the Declaratory Act, claiming 
the right of Parliament to tax the colonies. 

162. Mention four principal things that incited the 
American colonies to forcible resistance of the Eng- 
lish government. What was the original occasion of 
this resistance? 

Ans. Writs of Assistance; Stamp Act; Mutiny Act; 
" Taxation without representation." The colonists 
refused to be taxed to pay for the French and Indian 
War, unless they were represented in Parliament. 

163. What was the nature of (a) the Mutiny Act, 
(b) the Stamp Act? 

Ans. (a) An act compelling the colonists to pro- 
vide quarters and supplies for British troops 



50 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

(1769), (b) an act ordering the colonists to place 
stamps purchased from the English government on 
legal documents, newspapers, etc. (1765), 

164. Define or explain two of the following: (a) 
the Stamp Act, (b) the Townshend Acts, (c) the 
Mutiny Act, (d) Writs of Assistance. 

Ans. (a) The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament 
in 1765. (b) It required that pamphlets, almanacs, 
newspapers and all important documents 'have a 
stamp on them when purchased. This was erk- 
acted for the purpose of paying the expenses of the 
French and Indian wars, (d) Writs of Assistance 
were papers signed by the king and giving officers 
the right to search when and where they wished for 
smuggled goods. After the passage of the Stamp Act 
the English 'king sent over officers with these writs 
to search the houses of colonists. 

165. Tell why the British troops left Boston and 
why they seized New York. 

Ans. Washington caused Dorchester Heights 
which overlooked Boston, to be fortified. The Brit- 
ish, feeling insecure on account of this, evacuated 
Boston and set sail for Halifax. They later seized 
New York city because it was a most important and 
strategic place for carrying on the war against the 
colonists. 

166. Give an account of the expedition against 
Canada in 1775, 

Ans, In 1775, when Congress learned that the 
British in Canada intended to march down and at- 
tack points in Northern New York, they immediately 
planned an expedition against Quebec. Montgomery 
and Schuyler with an army of men, descended Lake' 
Champlain and captured St, John's. Schuyler be- 
came ill, and Montgomery took full charge of the 
troops. Montreal was next captured, and then 
Montgomery marched on to Quebec, Arnold in the 
meantime was leading his men through the forests 
of Maine on to Quebec, After enduring untold hard- 
ships, they reached their destination and joined 
Montgomery, Together they gallantly assaulted 
Quebec, but were repulsed with heavy loss, Mont- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 51 

gomery fell at the head of his troops and Arnold 
was wounded. The Americans encamped near 
Quebec until spring and then retired to New York. 
Canada remained a British province. 

167. Mention three events that may be regarded as 
causes of the Revolution. Give an account of one 
event mentioned. 

Ans. The Boston Massacre. Battles of Lexington 
and Concord. (Answers will vary). Quartering 
troops in town in times of peace. General Gage sent 
a body of British regulars to take the stores which 
the minutemen had collected at Concord, and to ar- 
rest Adams, Hsncock and Otis. The British reached 
Concord and destroyed the stores, but coming back 
were attacked on all sides by the minutemen, who 
were behind trees and fences. The British retreat 
became a race. When nearing Boston they were 
reinforced by Gage, and went into Boston, having 
lost half their men. 

16-8. Were the Americans in the main successful or 
unsuccessful in the military operations of the year 
preceding the Declaration of Independence? State 
facts in support of the answer. 

Ans.. Mainly successful. British driven out of 
Boston; St. John's and Montreal captured; British 
repulsed at Fort Moultrie. Only reverse, Arnold de- 
feated at Quebec. 

169. Give an account of the work of the Second 
Continental Congress. 

Ans. They assumed control of the government, de- 
cided to make the army at Cambridge the contin- 
ental army and appointed Washington as com- 
mander-in-chief. They also sent another petition 
to the king, which was not accepted. 

170, Describe the first capture of Ticonderoga dur- 
ing the Revolution. 

Ans. On May 10, 1775, Ethan Allen, accompanied 
by a few volunteers, rushed past the guards at Ti- 
conderoga, entered the room occupied by the com- 
mander of the fort and demanded its surrender " In 



52 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental 
Congress." It was surrendered, and the Americans 
got possession of a quantity of ammunition and 
arms, of which they were in great need, 

171. Relate the circumstances that led to the bat- 
tle of Lexington and to the battle of Bunker Hill. 

Ans. The British, hearing that the Americans were 
gathering military stores at Concord, sent a force to 
destroy them. The country was aroused by mes- 
sengers and a skirmish took place at Lexington. 
The British thought that they would fortify Bunker 
Hill. The Americans sent Colonel Prescott to anti- 
cipate them. The British were surprised when they 
saw that the Americans had fortified the hill and de- 
termined to capture it. 

172. Write on two of the following topics relating 
to the Revolution: (a) The capture of Ticonde- 
roga, (b) the death of Nathan Hale, (c) the burning 
of Kingston. 

Ans. (a) When the war broke out, Ethan Allen 
with some Green Mountain boys went to Ticonde- 
roga in the night, surprised the sentry and took the 
fort. When he got inside he put his officers in 
charge of the men and told them to capture the 
British soldiers while he rushed to the commander's 
h&adquarters and demanded that he surrender. The 
commander asked by whose authority, and Allen 
thundered forth, " In the name of the Great Jehovah 
and the Continental Congress." The commander 
then surrendered the fort, which was filled with 
guns, cannon, ammunition and supplies for the 
British army, (b) Nathan Hale was a captain in 
Washington's army, and Washington wanted to find 
out about the fortifications and numbers of Howe's 
army. Nathan Hale, thinking it was his duty to do 
so, put on a disguise and got into Howe's camp. He 
marked out the situation, the cannon and soldiers. 
He was noticed by a Tory friend, who betrayed him 
to the British, and he was taken before Howe and 
sentenced to die the following morning. He was re- 
fused all communications, and when morning came 
was taken out to die. He asked for a Bible, but it 
was refused him. then he asked if he might write a 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 53 

few lines to his mother and friends, which was also 
refused; so he said he was ready to die, and when 
the halter was around his neck he said that he re- 
gretted that he had but one life to give for his coun- 
try. So ended the life of one of our brave men. 

173. The possession of what city depended upon 
the battle of Brandy wine? (b) What was the result 
of the battle? 

Alls, (a) Philadelphia. (b) A British victory. 
Washington went into winter quarters at Valley 
Forge, while the British took possession of Phila- 
delphia. 

174» Trace the general course of the army of 
Washington from the battle of Long Island to the 
first of the following year. 

Ans. From Long Island to White Plains, battle at 
that place; retreat across New Jersey; battle of 
Trenton. 

175. Why were the military operations of the Eng- 
lish in the Revolution first directed against Massa- 
chusetts? (b) Why were the English troops later 
concentrated about the City of New York? 

Alls, (a) Because Massachusetts had shown most 
resistance to the royal edicts and authority, and was 
considered the "Hot-bed of the rebellion; " (b) to 
get control of the Hudson River, thus separating 
New England from the other colonies. 

176. (a) Why did the British evacuate Philadel- 
phia? (b) What battle did Washington force the 
British to fight on their march from Philadelphia to 
New York? 

Ans. (a) They feared the arrival of a French fleet, 
which would cut off their supplies. Philadelphia 
was not as good a base for military operations as 
New York, (b) Battle of Monmouth. 

177. Ca) What movement of the British forces was 
planned for the year 1777? (b) What object had the 



54 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

British in view in attempting to carry out these 
plans? 

Ans. (a) Burgoyne was to lead an expedition 
through Lake Champlain and down the Hudson to 
Albany, there he was to meet St. Leger, who was to 
descend the Mohawk, and Howe, who was to ascend 
the Hudson from New York, (b) To cut off New 
England from the rest of the colonies, and conquer 
the Americans in detail. 

178. What was attempted in 1777 by (a) General 
Burgoyne, (b) Col. St. Leger? What general is de- 
serving of most credit for the defeat of (c) Bur- 
goyne's plans, (d) Col. St. Leger's plans? 

Ans. (a) He attempted to lead an expedition from 
Canada to Albany by way of Lake Champlain, there 
join St. Leger from the west and Howe from the 
south and cut off New England from the rest of the 
colonies, (b) He was to cross Lake Ontario, cap- 
ture Fort Stanwix and descend the Mohawk to Al- 
bany, (c) General Philip Schuyler. (d) General 
Herkimer. 

179. Show how the surrender of Burgoyne was 
connected with (a) the battle of Bennington, (b) the 
battle of Oriskany. 

Ans. (a) When Burgoyne left Canada and was 
coming into New York, he sent a detachment of 
troops, as his supplies were low, to take Benning- 
ton, at which place the Americans kept supplies. 
General Stark met them and utterly defeated them, 
(b) Burgoyne continued to worry about where to 
get supplies, for his army rations were becoming 
very short. He still had hope that the detachment 
under St. Leger would make a junction with him at 
the mouth of the Mohawk. That detachment was to 
open up a way for the purpose of bringing supplies 
of food to his army. But the Americans met St. 
Leger and defeated him so that he was obliged to 
go back to Canada. Then Burgoyne, having no sup- 
plies, had to surrender, and after the second battle 
of Saratoga he surrendered to General Gates. 

180. Give two important results of the surrender of 
Burgoyne. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 55 

Ans. It broke up the British plan of cutting off 
New England from our southern colonies; it secured 
the aid of France. 

181. Tell why the battle of Oriskany was an im- 
portant event in the Revolutionary War. 

Ans. The loss of this battle was a severe blow to 
Burgoyne. All his hopes of aid from the Tories una 
Indians of the Mohawk valley were completely frus- 
trated. It prevented co-operation by St. Leger with 
Burgoyne and enabled the American militia to join 
the army at Saratoga. 

182. Give three reasons why Burgoyne was forced 
to surrender. 

Ans. (a) He was surrounded by Americans and 
had not enough men to risk a battle, (b) His sup- 
plies and ammunition were exhausted and he had 
no means of procuring more. (c) No assistance 
could be given to him by the English and moreover 
his men were tired of fighting. 

183. Explain why Burgoyne was so long in reach- 
ing Saratoga. Show how this delay injured the Brit- 
ish and aided the Americans. 

Ans. He had difficulty in securing provisions and 
his march was hindered by the destruction of roads 
and bridges by the Americans. An expedition to se- 
cure provisions enabled Col. Stark to defeat one de- 
tachment and thus to weaken Burgoyne's force. 
While the British army was being weakened by the 
hard march and lack of provisions the American 
army gained in strength. 

184. (a) Show the importance of the control of the 
Hudson River in the war of the Revolution, (b) 
Describe an attempt of the British to get control of 
this river. 

Ans. (a) The Hudson River was the main water- 
way of communication between New York city on 
the south and western and northern New York. 
Men and supplies could be readily moved by water 
either southward or northward from points along 
the river by those in control, (b) The movement of 



56 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Burgoyne's army from Canada was to get control 
of the Hudson River and thus to divide New Eng- 
land from New York and the southern colonies, 

185. Relate the events of the Revolution that gave 
the British control of New York city. State how 
long the British occupied New York city and mention 
two advantages secured by its possession. 

Ans. In the summer of 1776 General Howe arrived 
at Staten Island with a large fleet and 30,000 men. 
He landed on Long Island and easily defeated the 
Americans, whom he greatly outnumbered. As soon 
as the British got possession of Brooklyn Heights, 
Washington decided to cross to New York with his 
forces. He carried out this plan during the night, 
being aided by a dense fog. The British soon en- 
tered New York, forcing Washington to retreat up 
the east side of the Hudson. The British occupied 
New York city during the remainder of the war. 
New York city was centrally located for carrying 
on the war against the colonists and had a most de- 
sirable harbor, 

186. Compare Nathan Hale with Major Andre as 
to (a) offense committed, (b) treatment accorded 
after arrest. 

Ans. (a) Andre acted as the British agent to 
negotiate for the treasonable surrender of West 
Point by Arnold. Hale was intrusted by Washington 
with the task of visiting Long Island in September, 
1776, to obtain information in regard to the future 
movements intended by Gen. Howe of the British 
army; (b) Hale was arrested, summarily tried and 
executed as a spy by the British; he was not per- 
mitted to write to his mother; no clergyman was 
allowed to visit him; and even a Bible was denied 
him. In contrast to this brutal treatment Andre, 
under similar conditions received many courtesies, 

187. Give an account of the life of John Paul 
Jones, 

Ans. He was a daring naval officer who did great 
service to the American cause in the Revolutionary 
War. He cruised off the coast of England and Scot- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 57 

land, causing great damage to English commerce. 
He captured " The Drake " and " Serapis," both ships 
of superior force. Congress awarded him a gold 
medal for his heroic services. 

188. (a) Name three American generals of the 
Revolution, (b) Mention an event in which each 
was a prominent actor. 

Ans. (a) Washington, Greene and Schuyler, (b) 
Washington was in command of the continental 
army and directed the figlit against Cornwallis in 
the battle of Yorktown, in which he compelled Corn- 
wallis to surrender. Greene organized the third 
army for use in the south and fought Cornwallis at 
Guilford Courthouse. He conducted a masterly cam- 
paign in the south, and practically drove the British 
from Georgia and Carolina. Schuyler was in com- 
mand of an army in the north department contend- 
ing with Burgoyne. He showed great skill in check- 
ing the advance of Burgoyne and in retreating with 
his forces to Stillwater. (Other answers may be 
given.) 

lSi>, Describe the treason of Benedict Arnold as to 

(a) his design, (b) the discovery of the plot, (c) the 
reward given him by the British. 

Ans. (a) To surrender West Point, the most im- 
portant position held by the colonies, to the British. 

(b) Major Andre, a British officer, was returning 
from a conference with Arnold in relation to the 
matter. He had on his person papers relating to the 
surrender of West Point. He was discovered by 
three American soldiers— Paulding, Williams and 
Van Wirt. Andre gave the proper countersign, but 
was looked upon with suspicion by the American 
patriots. They searched him and found the papers 
revealing the treason. (c) He was appointed a 
brigadier-general in the British army and received a 
sum of British gold. 

190. Name two occasions during the Revolution 
when Benedict Arnold rendered valuable service to 
the American cause. 

Ans. At the battles of Quebec and Saratof^a. 



58 AMERICAN HISTORY 

191. Describe the treasonable plot of Benedict Ar- 
nold, How was the plot detected? 

Ans. Arnold, feeling himself aggrieved, asked of 
Washington and obtained the command of West 
Point. He entered into communication with General 
Clinton, offering to surrender this fortress to the 
British. Andre had an interview with Arnold within 
the American lines to arrange for the surrender. 
On his return in disguise, he was stopped and 
searched by three Americans and papers incriminat- 
ing Arnold were found in his boots. 

192. Give an account of the attitude and action of 
France regarding the Revolutionary War in 
America. 

Ans. In 1776 Congress sent Benjamin Franklin to 
France to secure France's aid in the war. Till 
Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, Franklin worked 
in vain. When the French government saw that the 
colonies had won this important victory, and fear- 
ing lest England, its age-long enemy, might offer 
the Americans acceptable terms of peace without in- 
dependence, it acknowledged the independence of 
the United States, made a treaty of alliance and a 
treaty of commerce, and sent over men, ships and 
money. 

193. Name three important battles that were 
fought in New Jersey during the Revolution. 

Ans. Trenton, Princeton and Monmouth. 

194. During what years of the Revolution was most 
of the fighting done in the northern states? in the 
southern states? What was the British plan for the 
conquest of the south? Give three general reasons 
for the failure of this plan. 

Ans. 1776-8; 1779-1781; their plan was to begin 
with Georgia and conquer northward. (a) The 
British did not receive as much help from the Tories 
as they expected, (b) Partisan troops under Marion 
and* Pickett cut off their supplies and harrassed 
them, (c) Ignorance of the country and remoteness 
from their base of supplies. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 5'J 

195. Give an historical event connected with the 
name of (a) Ethan Allen, (b) Paul Revere, (c) Pat- 
rick Henry, (d) Anthony Wayne. 

Ans. (a) Capture of Ticonderoga. (b) His ride to 
warn people of the coming of the British just before 
the battle of Lexington, (c) His speech in the Vir- 
ginia House of Burgesses, (d) Storming of Stony 
Point. 

196. Compare the military achievements of Gen- 
eral Gates with those of General Greene in the cam- 
paign against the British in the Carolinas as to (a) 
the battles fought by each, (b) the immediate results 
of the several battles. 

Ans. (a) After the victory at Saratoga, won by Ar- 
nold and Morgan, though claimed by the inefficient 
and cowardly Gates, the latter was transferred 
south. The British planned a campaign to begin in 
Georgia and came north. They captured Savannah 
and Charleston, Gates retreated, losing artillery and 
baggage, and came near being captured himself. 
The British were checked at King's Mountain. Gen- 
eral Greene, the ablest soldier, next to Washington, 
took command at the south, won the battle of Cow- 
pens, purposely retreated north so as to draw Corn- 
wallis away from his supplies. The British won the 
Battle of Guilford Court House, but it was of little 
use to them, (b) On the whole. Gates accomplished 
but little, and his work had a bad effect on the army, 
while Greene inspired the American soldiers and left 
them greatly encouraged. 

197. Name four of Washington's generals that 
proved to be (a) either inefficient or traitors, (b) 
four that proved true and capable. 

Ans. (a) Arnold, Charles Lee, Conway and Gates, 
(b) Schuyler, Sullivan, Greene and Putnam. 

198. Give an account of Col. St. Leger's invasion of 
the Mohawk Valley, and state in what way its results 
affected Burgoyne's invasion. 

Ans. St. Leger was to descend the Mohawk valley 
from the St. Lawrence by way of Oswego, reduce 



60 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Fort Stanwix and any other opposition in the val- 
ley, enlist the support of the Indians and Tories and 
join Burgoyne. He laid siege to Fort Stanwix, but 
did not capture it. A fierce battle was fought at 
Oriskany Falls. Schuyler sent Arnold to the relief 
of Fort Stanwix and St. Leger was compelled to re- 
treat to Lake Ontario. Burgoyne was thus deprived 
of one of the agencies which was to co-operate with 
him and this contributed to his defeat and surrender. 

199. Write on one of the following relating to the 
Revolution: (a) Washington's retreat through New 
Jersey, (b) benefits of the French alliance, (c) In- 
dian and Tory warfare in New York State, 

Ans. The alliance of the French with the United 
States was very beneficial to the latter. France 
loaned us money which enabled us to pay the 
soldiers and to better equip the army. Their fleet, 
was especially helpful in the seige of Yorktown. 
The private citizens of France also gave their ser- 
vices and assisted with money and ships. 

200. Name (a) three leading English generals and 
(b) three American generals (besides Washington) 
of the Revolution, 

Ans. English — Howe, Cornwallis, Burgoyne. 
American — Greene, Gates, Warren. (Answers will 
differ.) 

201. What was the object of the visit of each of the 
following foreigners to this country: Genet, Kos- 
suth, Lafayette (first visit) ? 

Ans. (a) Citizen Genet came to represent the 
revolutionary party in France and to obtain for it 
the sympathy and aid of Americans during the 
French Revolution, (b) Kossuth was a Hungarian 
patriot who came to enlist the sympathy of Ameri- 
cans in behalf of his country, (c) Lafayette was a 
French nobleman who came to aid the American 
army in the Revolutionary War. 

202. Show how the British lost control in the 
South. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 61 

Ans. Gen. Greene in command of the American 
army in the south made sudden and successful at- 
tacks on the British and led Cornwallis away from 
his supplies. Cornwallis marched into Virginia and 
fortified himself at Yorktown. Washington suddenly 
turned south and shut up the British so that they 
were compelled to surrender. The surrender of 
Cornwallis practically ended the war. 

203. When General Gates in 1780 started south to 
assume command, General Charles Lee bade him 
farewell with these words: "Take care that your 
northern laurels do not change to southern willows." 
Explain the meaning of this warning and show how 
events proved its wisdom. 

Ans. Gates was undeservingly credited with the 
victory over Burgoyne at the battle of Saratoga. He 
was transferred to the south and met a disgraceful 
defeat in the engagement with the British at Cam- 
den. 

204. Draw a map of the United States at the close 
of the Revolutionary War and on it show the claims 
of the different states to territory west of the AUe- 
ghanies. 

Ans. This territory was claimed by New York, 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See text-book 
for map.) 

205. Write a brief account showing the aid that 
Robert Morris rendered to the colonies during the 
Revolution. 

Ans. Since Congress could not tax the people and 
could not get enough money from the states by ask- 
ing for it, it became almost impossible to pay 
soldiers or furnish them with supplies. Unless Rob- 
ert Morris had raised money on his personal credit 
to keep the army together the Revolution might 
have failed. 

206. What were the Articles of Confederation? In 
what respect were these articles defective? 



62 AM ERIC AX HISTORY. 

Ans. The Articles of Confederation were certain 
regulations adopted in 1777, but not ratified by all 
the states until March, 1781, by which the states 
should be governed in what related to their common 
interests. Congress could declare war, make peace, 
issue money, keep up an army and navy, contract 
debts, enter into treaties of commerce and settle dis- 
putes between the states, but could not enforce a 
treaty or law when made nor lay any tax for any 
purpose. 

207. (a) How many years elapsed after the Decla- 
ration of Independence before the United States had 
a president? (b) Mention some civil power which 
during that time exercised any of the duties now de- 
volving on the president of the United States. 

Ans. (a) Nearly 13 years, (b) Continental Con- 
gress. 

208. How did each of the following help to secure 
American independence: Patrick Henry, Israel Put- 
nam, Nathaniel Greene, Peter Schuyler, Daniel Mor- 
gan? 

Ans. Patrick Henry introduced a resolution into 
the Assembly of Virginia in 1765, denying the right 
of Parliament to tax America. His stirring and 
patriotic speeches aided in arousing the people to 
their wrongs, and his words. " Give me liberty or 
give me death." were repeated everywhere. 

After the battle of Lexington, Putnam hastened to 
Boston and assisted in organizing the " minutemen." 
He rendered valuable service in the battle of Bunker 
Hill. 

General Greene is noted for his great success in 
managing the southern campaign against a superior 
force. He resisted Cornwallis so successfully that 
the latter decided to march northward, where he 
and his army were captured later by Washington. 

General Schuyler attempted to check the advance 
force of Burgoyne, who was marching south through 
the Champlain valley. Schuyler, with his small 
force, could only obstruct Burgoyne's path by felling 
trees acrors the roads and breaking down bridges, 
thus causing delays that contributed much to Bur- 
goyne's defeat. 



AM ERIC Ay HISTORY. 63 

General :\Iorgan held a subordinate position under 
Gen Greene during the latter part of the war. While 
in this position his services were valuable, especially 
at Cowpens. 

209. Mention four important cities in the colonies 
during the American Revolution. Which of the citiea 
mentioned was (a) largest, (b) the longest held by 
the British troops? 

Ans. New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Charles- 
ton, (a) Philadelphia was the largest city, (b) New 
York was held the longest. 

210. Explain what Washington meant by saying of 
the government of the United States (1783-1789) : 
" We are one nation to-day, and thirteen to-morrow." 

Ans. Washington meant that without a strong gov- 
ernment the thirteen colonies could not stay united. 
After the Revolution the colonists had different opin- 
ions in regard to the government that they should 
have. 

211. In what year of the Revolutionary War did the 
British evacuate (a) Boston, (b) New York? (c) 
State why they evacuated each of these cities. 

Ans. (a) 1776. (b) 1783. (c) Boston was evacu- 
ated because Washington's fortification of Dorches- 
ter Heights made it untenable; New York because 
of the treaty of peace. 

212. Give two reasons why Canada did not join the 
neighboring colonies*in the war of the Revolution. 

Ans. Difference in race and religion. They re- 
ceived better treatment than the others. 

213. Mention an important event that occurred in 
(a) 1765, (b) 1774, (c) 1775, (d) 1776, (e) 1781. 

Ans. (a) Stamp Act Congress, (b) First Contin- 
entsl Congress, (c) Meeting of Second Continental 
Congress at Philadelphia, (d) Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, (e) Surrender of Cornwallis. 



64 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

214. Explain the terms Hessian and Tory as used 
during the Revolution. 

Ans. The Hessians were German soldiers hired by 
England to aid their own forces in reducing the 
colonies to submission. The Loyalists or Tories 
were a part of the American people who were never 
convinced of the wisdom of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and of taking up arms against the mother 
country. They remained throughout the war loyal 
to Great Britain, but some of them refrained from 
taking an active part in the war. 

215. Give the name of the man under whose leader- 
ship Quebec was (a) founded, (b) captured during 
the French wars, (c) unsuccessfully attacked dur- 
ing the Revolution. 

Ans. Champlain, Wolfe, Arnold and Montgomery. 

216. Write an account of Lafayette and Steuben, 
telling who they were, why they came to this coun- 
try and what they did to help us. 

Ans. Lafayette, a French nobleman, sympathized 
with the Americans in their efforts for independence, 
and, leaving France, offered his services to Wash- 
ington. His valuable services and valor won for 
him a commission as major-general. Steuben, who 
had served in the army of Frederick the Great of 
Prussia, came to aid the American cause of liberty. 
He rendered great aid by introducing thorough dis- 
cipline and European tactics in the American army 
and made it more efficient in military operations. 

217. (a) What historical events are suggested by 
the dates 1689 and 1789? (b) What two great issues 
were decided in the interval between these two 
dates ? 

Ans. (a) 1689 marks the end of the early history 
of America and the beginning of the century known 
as the middle period of American history. It is also 
the beginning of the French and Indian wars. 1789 
marks the close of the epoch known as the middle 
period of American history and the inauguration of 
Washington as president, (b) It was decided that 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 65 

the English and not the French should control this 
country. It was also decided that the colonies 
should be united in a single government, a repubhc, 
and should be separated from Great Britain. 

218. Give an account of one of the following: 
Washington's retreat across New Jersey, the Stamp 
Act Congress, the Albany Convention. 

Ans. The Albany Convention assembled in 1754 to 
make a joint treaty with the Iroquois. It repre- 
sented the four New England colonies, New York, 
Pennsylvania and Maryland. Benjamin Franklin 
presented to the convention a plan of union that 
foreshadowed the Federal Constitution. A grand 
council, composed of members sent from the colonies 
in proportion to their inhabitants, was to have con- 
trol of all Indian affairs, frontier settlements and 
taxes for common purposes. The plan was not 
favored by the state assemblies. 

219. The school children of the United States have 
erected in Paris a statute to Lafayette. What did he 
do that the children of this country should so honor 
him? 

Ans. Lafayette, a French officer, fought on the 
American side in the Revolution and was an efficient 
officer in several contests. 

220. For what service is America indebted to each 
of the following: John Eliot, John Paul Jones, 
James A. Otis, John Hancock, General Herkimer? 

Ans. (a) John Eliot, missionary to the Indians, 
(b) John Paul Jones, commander of the Bonhomme 
Richard, which defeated the Serapis. (c) James 
Otis, American patriot of colonial times, who aroused 
opposition to English oppression, (d) John Han- 
cock, colonial patriot and soldier, signed Declara- 
tion of Independence, governor of Massachusetts, 
(e) Herkimer, general in Revolution, defeated Eng- 
lish at Oriskany. 



66 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

THE CRITICAL PERIOD AND FORMATION OF 
GENERAL GOVERNMENT, 1783-1789. 

221. Explain how, under the Articles of Confedera- 
tion, the states were represented in Congress. 

Ans. They were represented by from two to seven 
delegates chosen annually from each state by their 
respective legislatures. Each state had one vote. 

222. Why may the Magna Charta be considered a 
document of American history? Mention three of its 
provisions that are repeated in substance in the Con- 
stitution. 

Ans. A large proportion of the settlers of this 
country were Englishmen, who having been gov- 
erned at home by the principles of the Magna Charta 
incorporated those principles in the American co- 
lonial governments. 

The right to have a speedy trial by a jury of one's 
peers; no one shall be tried or punished more than 
once for same offense; no tax shall be laid without 
the consent of the people, given through their rep- 
resentatives. 

223. Name two leading statesmen who labored to 
secure the adoption of the Constitution of the 
United States. 

Ans. Adams, Madison, Franklin. (Other correct 
answers may be given.) 

224. Mention two elements of weakness of the gov- 
ernment under the Articles of Confederation. 

Ans. No executive, no power of taxation, no power 
to make its notes legal tender. 

225. State the nature of some one of the disputes 
which this government had with European powers 
during the twelve years following the adoption of the 
Constitution. How was the difficulty settled? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 67 

Ans. The trouble with France on account of Citi- 
zen Genet, settled by the recall of the minister. The 
trouble with England about the non-payment of 
Tory debts, and the refusal of England to surrender 
Detroit and other northwestern points, settled by 
the Jay treaty, (Other correct answers may be 
given.) 

226. (a) What political parties arose at about the 
time of the adoption of the Constitution? (b) Name 
two leading men in each of these parties. 

Ans. (a) Federalists and Anti-Federalists. (b) 
Federalists — Washington, Hamilton, Adams; Anti- 
Federalists — Jefferson, Madison, Monroe. 

227. Distinguish between the Articles of Confeder- 
ation and the Constitution. When was the Constitu- 
tion adopted? 

Ans. Under the Articles of Confederation there 
was no executive. Congress could make laws, but 
could not enforce them; it could ask the states for 
money, but could not force them to pay; it could 
call for volunteers in time of war, but could not 
draft them. Under the Constitution the president 
is the executive head of the government. Congress 
is composed of the House of Representatives chosen 
by the people, and the Senate chosen by the state 
legislatures. Congress makes laws and the presi- 
dent enforces them. The Constitution was adopted 
in 1789. 

228. Mention two historical facts to show the in- 
adequacy of the government under the Articles of 
Confederation to deal with (a) foreign affairs, (b) 
domestic affairs. How was this remedied by the 
Constitution? 

Ans. (a) The country was anxious to make a 
commercial treaty with England, but the latter re- 
fused to negotiate with a power that was a nation 
only in name, (b) Congress made an attempt to pay 
the soldiers of the Revolution the amount due them 
at the close of the war. Congress could only call 
on the states to contribute, since it had no power to 
raise money. In this as in other cases some of the 



68 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

states responded, others did not. (c) Congress now has 
the power to regulate commerce with foreign na- 
tions and to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
and excises, and to pay the debts and provide lor the 
common defense. 

229. Give two reasons why New York State was 
slow in ratifying the Constitution. 

Ans. New York was reluctant to give up the heavy 
Import duties of New York city to the general gov- 
ernment. It was also believed that New York as a 
large state was making too great concessions to the 
small states. 

230. State two or more vital points of disagreement 
between the Federalists and the Democratic-Repub- 
licans. In your opinion what points in favor either 
of the Federalists or of the Democratic-Republicans 
have been settled by the course of events . 

Ans. The Federalists wished the national govern- 
ment to be very strong and believed that the powers 
given it by the Constitution should be broadly con- 
strued. The Democratic-Republicans believed in 
strong state government and thought no powers 
should be conceded to the national government that 
were not plainly given by the Constitution. The 
Civil War settled the fact that states cannot with- 
draw from the Union. A broad construction of the 
Constitution is now generally conceded. 

231. State one argument that was used for the 
adoption of the Federal Constitution and one thai 
was used against it. Name three men who were 
prominent advocates of the Constitution. 

Ans. It was asserted that if the central govern- 
ment was not given power to exercise those pre- 
rogatives with which it was invested by the Consti- 
tution, the country would soon drift into anarchy 
and confusion; an argument against the Constitu- 
tion was that it would destroy the sovereignty of 
the states. Hamilton, Madison, Pickney. 

232. What provision is made in the Constitution re- 
garding the admission of new states into the Union? 



AM ERIC AX HISTORY. 69 

Ans. New states may be admitted by Congress; 
but no new state shall be formed or erected within 
the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the legis- 
latures of the states concerned as well as of Con- 
gress, 

233. Give an important fact connected with the ad- 
mission into the Unio'n of one of the following states: 
(a) Vermont, (b) Missouri, (c) West Virginia. 

Ans. (a) Vermont was the first state admitted 
into the Union after the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion, (b) Missouri was admitted into the Union as 
a slave state by the Missouri Compromise after a 
bitter and angry discussion. (c) The portion of 
Virginia west of the mountains refused to secede 
from the Union in 1861, and was admitted in 1863 
as a new state under the name of West Virginia. 

234. State the constitutional argument by which 
slavery was defended. 

Ans. The Constitution seemed to recognize slavery 
as an established fact, since apportionment of rep- 
resentatives to the states was based to some extent 
on the number of slaves, though the word slave does 
not occur, 

235. State the substance of a provision of the Con- 
stitution of the United States that was a com- 
promise (a) on the question of slavery, (b) between 
the large and small states. 

Ans. (a) Slave trade shall not be interfered with 
for twenty years, (b) The Senate shall be composed 
of two senators from each state; representatives ap- 
portioned according to population. 

236. Name three leaders of the Federalist party. 
What was the principal issue between the Federalist 
and the Anti-Federalist parties? 

Ans. Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay. Construc- 
tion of the Constitution as to the powers of the 
Federal government. Whether the general govern- 
ment or state governments should be supreme. 



70 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

237. (a) For how long a time were the Articles of 
Confederation in force? (b) Give two reasons why 
these articles failed to provide an efficient govern- 
ment. 

Ans. (a) Seven years, (b) Lacked executive 
power, and could not prevent the separate colonies 
from acting independently. 

DEVELOPMEiVT OF STATES, 1789-1861. 

238. Mention the presidents of the United States 
from 1789 to 1812. Connect an important event with 
the administration of each. 

Ans. Washington, Whiskey Rebellion; John 
Adams, Alien and Sedition-Laws; Jefferson, Louis- 
iana Purchase; Madison, the Henry Letters. 

239. (a) What insurrection or rebellion occurred 
during the administration of Washington? (b) State 
Its cause. 

Ans. (a) The whiskey insurrection, (b) Opposi- 
tion of the people in western Pennsylvania to the 
tax imposed by Congress on liquors. 

240. What means were employed to reduce the 
public debt in the administration of (a) Washington, 
(b) Jefferson? 

Ans. (a) Import and excise duties and tonnage, 
(b) Import duties. Reduction of expenses. 

241. Mention three financial measures advocated 
by Hamilton for raising a revenue and strengthening 
the credit of the nation. 

Ans. Establishing the United States Bank. As- 
suming the state debts. Funding or bonding the 
national and state debts. 

242. (a) Define the boundaries of " The Northwest 
Territory/' as organized in 1787. (b) Name a fa- 
mous provision in regard to this territory contained 
in the " Ordinance of 1787." 



AMERICAN EISTOFY. 71 

Ans. (a) Bounded on the south by the Ohio River, 
on the west by the Mississippi, on the north by the 
British possessions, and on the east by Virginia and 
Pennsylvania, (b) Slavery was forever prohibited. 

243. Give an account of the settlement of one of 
the following states: Ohio, Kansas, Oklahoma. 

Ans. A settlement was made at Marietta, Ohio, in 
1788, but colonization was hindered by the hostility 
of the Indians. After several unsuccessful expedi- 
tions had been made against the Indians, General 
Wayne defeated them and made a treaty with their 
chiefs. After this settlements were made rapidly. 

244. Mention an important service rendered by 
each of the following: Alexander Hamilton, Benja- 
min Franklin, Baron Steuben, John Adams, Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Ans. Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the 
treasury, reorganized the finances of the government 
on a sound basis. Benjamin Franklin secured the 
assistance of France during the Revolution. Baron 
Steuben, a famous German officer, trained the 
American soldiers ixi the Revolution. John Adams 
was the first United States minister to England. 
Thomas Jefferson framed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

245. Give an account of two of the following, 
touching on causes and results: (a) Shays's Rebel- 
lion, (b) the Whisky Insurrection, (c) Dorr's Rebel- 
lion, (d) the Anti-rent Rebellion. 

Ans. (a) At the close of the Revolution the peo- 
ple of the United States had few manufactures and 
were obliged to import most manufactured goods 
from Europe. This caused the specie to be taken 
out of the country and soon there was none in cir- 
culation. This left the people without money to 
pay wages, or buy food and clothing and led to a 
demand that the states should print paper money 
and loan it to their citizens. The refusal of the 
legislature of Massachusetts to do so led to an up- 
rising, headed by Daniel Shays. This uprising was 
put down, but the people were convinced that they 
needed a stronger government than that afforded 



72 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

by the confederation, (b) The farmers living about 
Pittsburg, Pa., in 1794 found it profitable to grow 
rye and make it into whiskey on their own farms. 
When the U. S. revenue officers came to collect the 
tax, they were driven away. The farmers resisted 
arrest by the courts. Washington put down the in- 
surrection with the militia. This action was im- 
portant in that it showed that the Constitution and 
the federal laws must be obeyed, (c) There was a 
revolt in Rhode Island in 1842 against the old col- 
onial charter under which the state had always been 
governed. After a brief military contest known as 
Dorr's Rebellion, the revolt was defeated, though a 
new constitution was adopted in consequence of it 
(d) The tenants of the Van Rensselaer and other 
patroon estates in New York started an anti-rent 
movement in 1842. It was settled by the landlords 
selling the estates at a reduced valuation and giv- 
ing the purchasers a freehold title. This put an end 
to the patroon system. 

246. What party was in power from 1789 to 1801? 
Mention one of the prominent political topics of the 
time and state the attitude of the dominant party 
toward that issue. 

Ans. The Federalists. They were in favor of a 
strong central government. (Other correct answers 
may be given.) 

247. What important recommendations did Wash- 
ington make in ^is Farewell Address regarding (a) 
national aid to education, (b) the provision of suit- 
able military defense, (c) relations with foreign gov- 
ernments? 

Ans. (a) He advocated the .establishment of 
schools for the enlightenment of the public. (b) 
He advised that due provision for defense should be 
made and that the tJnited States maintain a larger 
•navy, (c) The United States -should keep good faith 
with foreign nations and remain neutral. 

248. Relate the circumstances under which Wash- 
ington was called to take command of the army after 
his retirement 'from the presidency. How was the 
expected war averted? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 73 

Ans. The war which was imminent between Eng- 
land and France when the United States purchased 
Louisiana, shortly afterward broke out with terrible 
fury. Though Americans warmly sympathized with 
France, our government maintained neutrality. 
This did not suit the French directory. Our flag was 
insulted, vessels captured and our ministers were 
refused an audience unless a bribe should be paid. 
Orders were issued to raise an army and Washing- 
ton was appointed commander-in-chief. Napoleon 
becoming first consul of France, war was averted. 

219. Concerning what questions of treaty was John 
Jay sent to England, in Washington's administra- 
tion? (b) How was Jay's treaty received by the peo- 
ple of this country? 

Ans. (a) The impressment of American seamen 
by the English, and the question of debts owed by 
Americans to the English, (b) The treaty was very 
unsatisfactory to many people, as it arranged for 
the payment of the debts, while it left the question 
of impressment still unsettled. 

250. (a) What great American invention was made 
during the administration of Washington? (b) What 
effect did this invention have on the subsequent in- 
dustrial and social life of the country? 

Ans. (a) Cotton gin. (b) Increased enormously 
the production of cotton, enriched southern planters, 
stimulated manufacturing and commerce, and also 
made slavery more profitable to the South. 

"251. Write on the quarrel between the United 
States and France in the administration of John 
Adams, touching on (a) causes, (b) preparations for 
war in the United States, (c) final settlement. 

Ans. (a) The French were enraged because the 
United States did not take sides with them in their 
contest with England. They captured our merchant 
vessels and insulted our representatives to their 
country, (b) The American army and navy was in- 
creased and active preparations for war were made, 
(c) Napoleon became first consul of France and 
negotiated a treaty which restored peace with the 
United States. 



74 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

252. Give two reasons why John Adams was less 
popular at the end of his presidential term than at 
the beginning. 

Alls. John Adams appointed ' a new minister to 
France without the approval of his cabinet or party 
who considered that France, the offending party, 
should make the first move toward peace. This led 
to the fall of the Federalists. The passage of the 
Alien and Sedition laws added to his unpopularity. 

253. "What unpopular laws were enacted during 
the administration of John Adams? What objects 
were to be secured by these laws? 

Alls. The Alien and Sedition laws. To keep out of 
the country foreigners who were suspected of in- 
citing opposition to the government and to prevent 
the publication of anything calculated to bring the 
President or Congress into contempt. 

254. Give a brief account of the causes and the 
results of the war with Tripoli during Jefferson's 
administration. 

Alls, The Tripolitans were pirates, captured ships, 
and held the persons taken on them for ransom or 
made them slaves. The American government had 
paid tribute to prevent this. Finally a demand was 
made, under the threat of war, for a present. An 
American fleet bombarded the city of Tripoli, thor- 
oughly humiliated the Tripolitans and put an end 
to the capture of American ships and the levying of 
tribute. 

255. W^hat was notable about the inauguration of 
Jefferson as to (a) the city in which it took place, 
(b) the character of the ceremonies? 

Ans. Inaugurated in Washington. Ceremonies 
noted by their simplicity as compared with previous 
inaugurals. He was the first president inaugurated 
in the city of Washington. 

256. Who became president during the first year 
of the present century; (b) what change in the 
supremacy of political parties accompanied the 
change in presidency? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 75 

Ans. (a) Thomas Jefferson; (b) from Federalist 
to Republican (Democratic). 

257. What ofRcial position did Aaron Burr hold at 
the time of the duel with Hamilton? For what trea- 
sonable scheme was Burr afterwards brought to 
trial? 

Ans. Vice-president. For an attempt to establish 
a separate government west of the Mississippi. 

258. Describe two important events in the admin- 
istration of Jefferson. Show the importance of each. 

Ans. The purchase of Louisiana from the French 
in 1803, gave the United States a region west of the 
IMississippi of unknown extent. From it have been 
formed many states, rich in agricultural and mineral 
products. In 1807 Robert Fulton, American, con- 
structed the first successful steamboat, the Cler- 
mont. It made a trip up the Hudson from New York 
to Albany, in thirty-two hours. This was the be- 
ginning of steam navigation for America. 

259. What measures for the protection of Ameri- 
can shipping were taken (a) in the administration 
of Jefferson, (b) in the administration of Madison? 

Ans. (a) The Embargo Act forbade trade with 
any foreign country and was intended to injure 
France and England which countiies had. interfered 
with American shipping. The act hurt American 
trade more than that of England and France and it 
was repealed. The Non-Intercourse Act was passed 
restoring trade with all countries but France and 
England, (b) A tariff law was passed to protect 
manufacturers. 

260. Mention an important event in the adminis- 
tration of each of the following: (a) Jefferson, (b) 
Monroe, (c) John Quincy Adams. Show the import- 
ance of one event mentioned. 

Ans. Jefferson, war with Tripoli; Monroe, estab- 
lishment of the Monroe Doctrine; John Quincy 
Adams, Erie Canal completed. The INIonroe Doctrine 
was given to Congress as the message of the Presi- 
dent because Russia was trying to get land in North 
America. It was to the effect that the attempt of 



76 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

any European nation to secure territory in America 
would be considered an unfriendly act and the cause 
of a declaration of war. 

261» Give an account of the Louisiana Purchase. 

Ans. Louisiana was purchased of France for 
fifteen million dollars. France sold it to us because 
she was having war with England, and was afraid 
if England won she would have Louisiana. It in- 
creased the extent of our territory, it gave us free 
navigation of the Mississippi river, it gave us fer- 
tile valleys and a great agricultural region and pre- 
vented any foreign powers from claiming it. It is 
bounded on the north by forty-ninth parallel, on the 
east by the Mississippi River, on the south by Gulf 
of Mexico and New Mexico, on the west by the Rocky 
Mountains. 

262. Give an ac30unt of Eli Whitney's invention 
and its results. 

Ans. Eli Whitney invented a cotton gin which 
separated the seeds from the cotton, and could clean 
one thousand pounds of cotton in a day, while the 
slave could clean but one pound. As a result cot- 
ton growing was made more profitable and cotton 
manufacture was greatly stimulated. Slavery was 
indirectly increased. 

263. Give a brief account of the territorial gains 
made by the United States between 1812 and 1870. 

Ans. Bought Florida of Spain after the Seminole 
War. Secured California, New Mexico and undis- 
puted possession of Texas by the Mexican War. Ob- 
tained the Oregon territory by a treaty with Eng- 
land. 

264. Give a brief account of the foreign complica- 
tions and enactments which greatly injured the 
foreign commerce of the country during the admin- 
istration of Jefferson. 

Ans. England and France were at war. England 
by her Orders in Council forbade all trade with 
ports subject to France. Napoleon by the Berlin and 
Milan decrees forbade trade with English ports. By 
these acts American commerce was almost ruined. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 77 

England claimed and exercised the right to search 
American ships and impress seamen who had ever 
been British subjects. The Barbary pirates captured 
some American ships and imposed tribute on Ameri- 
can commerce. 

265. Mention and explain two benefits gained by 
the purchase of Louisiana. 

Ans. It gave us control of the Mississippi River 
which is the natural outlet for the products of the 
Mississippi valley. It prevented this vast territory 
from falling into the possession of England as the 
result of the wars with Napoleon. This would have 
prevented the expansion and growth of the United 
States and involved us in difficulties with England. 

266. Name four states that have been formed from 
the Louisiana Purchase. 

Ans. Louisiana, Arkansas, Iowa, Nebraska. 
WAR OF 1812. 

267. Mention the three principal grievances set 
forth in Madison's message as sufficient reasons for 
declaring war against England. Mention two states- 
men who urged the administration to recommend 
war. 

Ans. Inciting Indians to attack our frontiers; in- 
terference with trade by " Orders in Council " and 
impressment of our seamen. John C. Calhoun and 
Henry Clay. 

268. Mention some point at which the United 
States was invaded during the War of 1812, along 

(a) the northern border; (b) the Atlantic coast, (c) 
Gulf coast. 

Ans. (a) Lake Champlain, (b) Chesapeake Bay, 
(c) New Orleans. 

269. Show how the United States was affected by 
the War of 1812, as to (a) standing among nations, 

(b) domestic relations, (c) new industries, (d) com- 
merce. 



78 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. (a) The naval victories, of 1812 made us the 
equal of any maritime power, (b) At home the war 
aroused a national sentiment and consolidated the 
Union. It fixed our independence, (c) The non- 
intercourse acts made new industries a necessity, 
(d) After the war commerce steadily increased. 

270. Write on one of the following: (a) the battle 
of Lake Champlain (1814), (b) the Anti-rent 
troubles, (c) the origin of the Free-soil party. 

Ans. MacDonough had a small fleet of gunboats 
on Lake Champlain. As the British fleet drew near 
a pet game cock of the Americans flew on one of the 
guns, flapped his wings and gave a cry of defiance, 
this encouraged the men and they fought so well 
that the British had to flee. This ended the invasion 
from Canada. 

271. Name an important event of the war of 1812 
that occurred on (a) Atlantic coast; (b) Gulf coast; 
(c) Canadian frontier. 

Ans. (a) Battle between Guerriere and Constitu- 
tion, (b) Battle of New Orleans, (c)" Perry's vic- 
tory on Lake Erie. 

272. Mention five important events of the War of 
1812. Give an account of one event mentioned. 

Ans. Naval battle between the Constitution and 
the Guerriere, naval battle between the Shannon 
and the Chesapeake, battle of Lake Erie, burning 
of Washington by the British, battle of New Orleans. 
The battle of Lake Erie was one of the most im- 
portant battles of the war. Perry's great victory 
over the British fleet gave us control of Lake Erie 
and contributed much to our final success in the 
war. 

273. What was Jefferson's attitude toward the 
maintenance of a strong navy and what was the 
condition of the navy of the United States at the out- 
break of the War of 1812? 

Ans. Jefferson never favored a navy. He had 
been so bent on paying the national debt that he 
used all his influence against building a strong 
navy. The United States navy contained only twelve 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 79 

small, but well-built vessels to England's one thou- 
sand vessels, many of which were large and power- 
ful. 

274, Give an account of the following: (a) Perry's 
victory on Lake Erie, (b) the battle of New Orleans 
(1815). 

Ans. (a) Hull's surrender of Detroit to the British 
in 1812 and the unsuccessful attempts to invade 
Canada caused American affairs in that region to 
be in desperate straits. In the fall of 1813 Capt. O. 
H. Perry, who had built a small fleet on Lake Erie, 
completely defeated a superior British naval force 
near Sandusky. This victory gave us control of 
Lake Erie and opened the way for the American 
army under Harrison to advance and capture De- 
troit, (b) The British directed their final efforts in 
the War of 1812 to an attack on the United States 
in the South. Jackson, believing that New Orleans 
was their objective point, hastily fortified that city. 
The British also on their arrival threw up fortifica- 
tions. General Pakenham. the British leader, as- 
saulted the American works, Jan. 8, 1815, but the- 
unerring fire of Jackson's sharp-shooters compelled 
the British to withdraw their forces with great loss. 
Jackson's loss was only eight killed and thirteen 
wounded. This battle ended the British invasion of 
Louisiana and closed the war. 

275. Describe, stating result, a naval engagement 
of the War of 1812. 

Ans. Captain Perry built a fleet of war vessels on 
Lake Erie and set out to recapture Detroit. The 
British and American fleets met in an engagement 
in September, 1813. During the battle, which raged 
three hours, the Lawrence, Perry's flag-ship, was 
badly shattered and was sinking, when Captain 
Perry and his men got into a row boat and rowed 
to the next ship, the Niagara. He had with him his 
flag, on which was the motto: "Don't give up the 
ship! " and he hoisted it over the Niagara. He gave 
signal for close action, and in eight minutes the 
battle was won. Later he sent the following dis- 
patch to Gen. Harrison: "We have met the enemy 
and they are ours." The enemy soon left Detroit, 
and we gained possession of Michigan and Lake 
Erie. 



80 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

276. Why did the War of 1812 bring about a de- 
sire for a protective tariff? 

Ans. During the war as trade with foreign coun- 
tries was interrupted, many manufactures were 
started in America. At the close of the war those 
interested in such manufacturing asked protection 
that they might continue. 

277» Mention as connected with the War of 1812 
(a) three important American victories, (b) t\.'o 
serious American disasters, (c) Give an account of 
one event mentioned. 

Ans. (a) Battle of Lake Erie, 1813. Battle be- 
tween the Constitution and Guerriere on the Atlantic 
coast, 1812. Battle of Lundy's Lane, 1814. (b) Bat- 
tle of Queenstown Heights, 1810. Sea fight of the 
Essex against two English vessels, 1813, in the Har- 
bor Valpariso, S. A. (c) The battle between the 
Constitution and the Guerriere was one of the most 
famous naval battles of the war, and resulted in an 
American victory. The American frigate, the Con- 
stitution, under the command of Captain Issac Hull, 
engaged the British frigate, Guerriere on the At- 
lantic 800 miles east of Boston. After a half hour's 
deadly fighting the Guerriere was totally disabled, 
struck her colors and surrendered. Seventy-nine of 
the English and fourteen of the Americans were 
killed. The result of the engagement showed that 
an Amrican ship not only dared to engage, but 
could defeat a British vessel. 

278. When and under what circumstances did the 
United States acquire Florida? Mention any previ- 
ous changes in jurisdiction over this territory, 

Ans. During the war of 1812, Florida had been in 
a state of anarchy and the Seminole Indians 
molested the Georgia frontier. Since Spain could 
not or would not maintain order. Andrew Jackson 
invaded Florida and took possession. This caused 
opposition in Congress and the matter was adjusted 
by purchasing Florida from Spain for five million 
dollars. Florida belonged to Spain by right of dis- 
covery and settlement till 1763, when it was ceded 
to Great Britain who held it till 1783, when it was 
ceded to Spain. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 81 

279. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 
and state its result. What was the moral effect of 
this battle? 

Ans. The battle of New Orleans was fought in 
Louisiana. The American commander, Jackson; 
the British commander, Pakenham. The result was 
a disastrous defeat for the British. The indomitable 
energy and courage of the Americans surprised the 
British and won their respect. Since that time, in 
spite of temporary disagreements, there has been 
peace between the two English-speaking nations. 

280. What was the nature of the difficulty along 
the borders of Georgia and Florida which Andrew 
Jcickson was sent to settle in 1817? 

Ans. Trouble with the Seminole Indians, who 
aided by runaway negroes, began murderous depre- 
dations upon the frontier settlements of Georgia. 

281. Tell how the United States obtained posses- 
sion of Florida. 

Ans. In 1818, General Jackson entered Florida, a 
Spanish possession, to punish the Seminole Indians 
for their depredations. Spain opened negotiations 
and in 1819, to avoid further trouble between the 
people of Florida and Georgia, sold Florida to the 
United States for $5,000,000. 

282. (a) In whose administration and upon whose 
recommendation was a United States bank first es- 
tablished? (b) What president vetoed the bill for 
the renewal of the charter of this bank? 

Ans. (a) Washington's; Hamilton's, (b) Jackson. 

283. State the cause and the results of the war 
with Tripoli, and tell in whose administration it 

occurred. 

Ans. The war with Tripoli occurred in Jefferson's 
administration-. It was caused by the capture of 
American ships by Tripolitan pirates and by the re- 
fusal of the American government to make a present 
demanded by the Bashaw of Tripoli. The Tripoli- 



82 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

tans were forced to sue for peace. The war served 
as a preparation for the War of 1812, 

284. How was John Quincy Adams chosen presi- 
dent? Describe a great public improvement that 
was completed and one that was begun in his ad- 
ministration. 

Ans. By the House of Representatives. Erie Canal 
connecting the Hudson River with the Great Lakes at 
Buffalo. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, which 
was the first road of the kind in America and was 
constructed specially for carrying passengers and. 
merchandise. 

285. Mention an important fact concerning the 
election as president of each of the following: John 
Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes. 

Ans. Neither of the candidates received a majority 
of the electoral votes and the House of Representa- 
tives finally chose John Quincy Adams president. 
Rutherford B. Hayes received only one more elec- 
toral vote than his opponent. An electoral commis- 
sion investigated the facts and decided in favor of 
Mr. Hayes. 

286. (a) Mention two important events of Andrew 
Jackson's administration, (b) Give a brief account 
of one of the events mentioned, 

Ans. (a) Nullification, and failure of the bill to 
recharter the bank of the United States, (b) Jack- 
son did not believe in the National Bank. He at- 
tacked it in his message, caused the secretary of the 
treasury to cease depositing the public revenue in 
the bank, and vetoed the bill to renew its charter, 
and so it ceased to exist as a government institution. 

287. Mention an important event bearing on the 
slavery question in each of the following periods: 
(a) 1815 to 1825, fb) 1845 to 1855. 

Ans, (a) Missouri Compromise. (b) Omnibus 
Bill, Fugitive Slave Law, Wilmot Proviso, Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 83 

288. State how each of the following events tended 
either to allay or incite the agitation of the slavery- 
question: (a) the Missouri Compromise, (b) Joha 
Brown's raid. 

Ans. (a) The Missouri Compromise, by permit- 
ting slavery in Missouri, conciliated the South, and 
by prohibiting it from all other territory north of 
36 degrees 30 seconds satisfied the North. The Com- 
promise thus caused a lull in the strife, (b) John 
Brown's r&id tended to incite the agitation of the 
slavery question, because the South regarded it as 
an exponent of northern feeling. 

289. Mention three prominent political issues be- 
fore the country between 1820 and 1950. 

Ans. The slave question as involved in the Mis- 
souri Compromise of 1820 and the Omnibus Bill in 
1850. The principles involved in the nullification 
acts in 1832. The issue involved in the fight with 
the United States Bank. The question of the in- 
ternal improvements. 

291-292. Give an account of the following, (a) 
origin and significance of Mason and Dixon's line, 

(b) the development of the national flag, (c) the 
Missouri Compromise, (d) how California became a 
state in the Union. 

Ans. (a) The dispute between Maryland and 
Pennsylvania about the boundary line was settled 
by a survey made by Surveyors Mason and Dixon. 
When slavery was abolished by the North Atlantic 
States, this line became the division between the 
free and slave Atlantic States, (b) The flags, be- 
tween 1775-1777, were of at least a dozen different 
patterns. Washington used one at Cambridge, the 
pattern of which was suggested by the ensign of 
the East India Company — 13 alternate red and 
white stripes and the red cross of St. George. 
Washington substituted the British Union Jack for 
the cross. After the Declaration of Independence 
the stars took the place of the Union Jack, and this 
was adopted by Congress, provision being made also 
for the adoption of a new star for every new state. 

(c) The Missouri Compromise was a law passed by 
Congress admitting Missouri as a slave state, but 



84 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

prohibiting slavery in all other territory north of 
parallel 36 degrees, 30 seconds and west of the Mis- 
sissippi, (d) By the Compromise of 1850, California 
came in as a free state. 

292. Define the boundaries of the Oregon country, 
the ownership of which was in dispute between the 
United States and England in 1844. 

Ans. The United States claimed the territory west 
of the Rocky Mountains from the northern bound- 
ary of California to the parallel of 54 degrees, 40 
seconds. Great Britain claimed that the Columbia 
River was the southern boundary of her posses- 
sions in this region. 

293. What was the attitude of each of the two 
political parties between 1830 and 1850 on each of 
the following questions: (a) internal improve- 
ments; (b) United States Bank; (c) protective 
tariff? 

Ans. (a) Whigs for, Democrats against, (b) 
Whigs for, Democrats against; (c) Whigs for, 
Democrats against. 

294. What effect did the panic of 1837 have upon 
the presidential election of 1840? 

Ans. It defeated VanBuren, and caused the elec- 
tion of Harrison and Tyler, the Whig candidates. 

THE MEXICAN WAB, 1846-1847. 

< 

295. Give an account of the Mexican War, touch- 
ing on (a) remote cause, (b) immediate cause, (c) 
resulting territorial gains. 

Ans. The remote cause was the desire of the 
southern states to obtain more territory for slave 
states. The immediate cause was the dispute in re- 
gard to the boundary line between Mexico and 
Texas. Texas had been a part of Mexico and the 
boundary line had never been definitely settled. 
There was a small strip of land that both claimed. 
The President of the United States sent troops to 
keep the land and the Mexicans attacked them. The 
United States then declared war. The result of the 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 85 

war was that the boundary was fixed at the Rio 
Grande and Mexico ceded California to the United 
States. 

296. Give an account of the dispute that arose over 
the admission of California as a state. 

Ans. The war with Mexico was fought chiefly to 
gain more territory for slavery. California, the first 
state formed from this territory, asked to be ad- 
mitted as a free state. The people of the South 
would not consent to its admission as a free state. 
The North just as strongly urged its admission as 
free. After a long dispute they finally agreed on a 
compromise, called the Compromise of 1850. One 
of the provisions of this compromise was that Cali- 
fornia should be admitted as a free state. 

297. Give a short account of Scott's invasion of 
Mexico, noting (a) the point of entrance,^, (b) the 
general direction of march, (c) his objective point, 
(d) the result of the expedition on the course of the 
war. 

Ans. General Scott attacked Vera Cruz with a 
naval force in March, 1847. He proceeded inland in 
a westerly direction, his objective point being the 
city of Mexico. His capture of this city was the 
decisive point in the war. 

298. Tell how the war with Mexico was brought 
about. What did the United States gain by this war? 

Ans. A disagreement with Mexico as to the bound- 
ary between Texas and Mexico caused the war. 
United States troops occupied the contested strip of 
land and were attacked by the Mexicans. The 
United States gained California, New Mexico and the 
disputed land in Texas. 

299. How did the United States obtain California? 
What industry led to the rapid settlement of Cali- 
fornia? What industry has grown up in California 
since the Civil War? 

Ans. By the Mexican War. Gold mining. Orange 
and grape culture. 



86 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

300. State fully the cause of the war between the 
United States and Mexico. 

Ans. Mexico claimed Texas and was opposed to 
its annexation by the United States. The western 
boundary of Texas was unsettled. Mexico claimed 
that it was the Nueces River; Texas, that it was the 
Rio Grande. Taylor was ordered to take possession 
of the disputed territory. Fe crossed the Nueces 
River, came into collision with the Mexicans, and 
war followed. 

301. (a) Under whose leadership did Texas ac- 
quire its independence of Mexico? (b) How did 
Texas become a part of the United States? 

Ans. (a) Samuel Houston, (b) It was annexed by 
an act of Congress. 

302. Mention two men prominent in the acquisi- 
tion of California during the war with Mexico. 
Name two American generals most prominent in the 
conquest of Mexico. 

Ans. Fremont and Stockton. Taylor and Scott. 

303. Give an account of General Taylor's cam- 
paign in the Mexican War. 

Ans. While the dispute regarding territory was 
unsettled and before the declaration of war was 
made by either country, General Zachary Taylor en- 
tered the disputed territory and engaged the Mexi- 
can army. The two first engagements were at Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palma and in both the Mexi- 
cans were easily defeated. Taylor then captured 
Matamoras and a little later Monterey after a bloody 
seige. General Taylor was then ordered to send 
more than half his army to General Scott, who was 
proceeding to Vera Cruz by sea. With but 5,000 men 
left, he won a complete victory over Santa Anna's 
army of 20,000 men at Buena Vista, in February, 
1847. This was the last service of General Taylor 
in the Mexican War. 



AMERICA'S' HISTORY. 87 

SLAVERY AND CONDITIONS LEADING UP TO 
CIVIL WAR. 

304. Name two accessions of territory that were 
made by the United States in the decade between 
1844 and 1854. 

Ans.-Any two of the following: Texas, Oregon 
Territory, Mexican Territory. The Gadsden pur- 
chase. 

305. (a) What was the Wilmot Proviso? (b) Give 
three provisions of the Omnibus bill. 

Ans. (a) A bill proposed in Congress by Wilmot, 
"Which provided that slavery should be prohibited in 
all territory acquired as a result of the Mexican 
War. (b) California should be admitted as a free 
state. Slave trade should be prohibited in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. A new and more effective fugi- 
tive slave law should be passed. 

306. What was the decision of the United States 
Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case as to (a) the 
Missouri Compromise; (b) the status of Dred Scott; 
(c) the rights of slave holders in relation to their 
slaves? 

Ans. (a) It was unconstitutional; (b) he was not 
a citizen and could not sue in the United States 
courts, (c) they could take their slaves into any ter- 
ritory, just as they could their horses or cattle, 
without losing property rights to them. 

807. (a) What was the principal question at issue 
in the admission of new states into the Union prior 
to 1860? (b) How was the difficulty usually ad- 
justed? 

Ans. (a) Whether they should enter the Union as 
slave or free states, (b) Generally by compromise. 
At first the admission of a free state was offset by 
the admission of a slave state at the same time. 

, 308. Give an account of the Dred Scott decision 
and show how it affected an important provision of 
the Missouri Compromise. State the effect of this 
decision on political parties in the North. 



88 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. Dred Scott was a slave of an army surgeon. 
Scott's master was called up north in free territory 
and took Scott with him. He lived in free territory 
for many years. When he was north he met other 
negroes, who like himself, had lived in slave terri- 
tory. After a few years Scott's master went south 
into slave territory, and Scott declared he was free, 
because he had been in free territory. The case 
was taken to the Supreme Court which decided that 
Dred Scott was still a slave that a slave was like a 
piece of property and could be taken into any terri- 
tory. 

This declaration was in direct opposition to the 
Missouri Compromise, because in the Missouri Com- 
promise, slavery was forbidden north of the south- 
ern boundary of Missouri, and west of the Missis- 
sippi River except Missouri. The North was very 
much disheartened at this as it removed the last 
barrier and they thought now that slavery would be 
in all the states. It caused a split in" the Demo- 
cratic party and a new party sprang up. 

309. Write on the following topics: (a) the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, (b) the contests between the 
friends and opponents of slavery in Kansas and in 
Congress, (c) the appearance of a new political 
party in 1858, (d) the political campaign of 1860. 

Ans. (a) The Kansas-Nebraska bill virtually re- 
pealed the Missouri Compromise, and organized the 
territories of Kansas and Nebraska under the doc-, 
trine of squatter sovereignty, i. e., the right of the 
inhabitants to decide whether a state should come 
into the Union free or slave, (b) The North sent 
anti-slavery men to Kansas; the South sent pro- 
slavery men. At the elections Missourians crossed 
the border and voted down the free state men. Two 
governments finally existed; actual warfare began. 
Kansas applied for admission as a free state. 
Against the wish or action of the free settlers the 
pro-slavery Constitution was sent by Buchanan to 
Congress, urging the admission of Kansas as a slave 
state. Senator Douglas, with the aid of Northern 
Democrats, defeated the attempt, and Kansas re- 
mained a territory until 1861. (c) The party op- 
posed to the extension of slavery had reached such 
strength that in 1856 a new party, called the Repub- 
lican party, was organized. Fremont, the Republi- 
can nominee for president, was defeated, and the. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 89 

Democrat, Buchanan, was elected. (d) In 1860 
there were four candidates in the field: Brecken- 
ridge advocating " state rights," Douglas, squatter 
sovereignty. Bell for " preservation of the Union," 
Lincoln for non-extension and also non-interference 
with slavery. The two former were Democratic par- 
ties, the third " Know Nothings," the last. Republi- 
can. 

310. Of the states west of the Mississippi, admitted 
to the Union previous to the Civil War, name (a) 
two slave states, (b) two free states, (c) Name a 
territory, the admission of which with or without 
slavery was still pending. 

Ans. (a) Slave states: Texas, Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, (b) Free states, California, Iowa, (c) Pend- 
ing, Kansas, Nebraska. 

311. What was the question under discussion 
which delayed the admission of California into the 
Union? About what year was the state finally ad- 
mitted? 

Ans. Slavery. About 1850. 

312. Give reasons (a) why the people of the North 
opposed slavery, (b) why the people of the South 
favored it. 

Ans. (a) In the North the right of personal liberty 
was strongly maintained and slave holding was con- 
sidered as sin. Northern industries did not require 
slave labor; (b) slave labor was considered neces- 
sary to tobacco, rice and cotton raising, the chief 
industries of the South. The South had become ac- 
customed to slavery, and did not consider it morally 
wrong; 

313. Tell what is meant by each of the follov/ing: 

(a) secession of the southern states, (b) the block- 
ade of southern ports, (c) the Dred Scott decision. 

Ans. (a) The secession of the southern states was 
the withdrawal of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 
Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Tennessee, 
Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia from the Union.. 

(b) The blockade of the southern ports was the clos- 



90 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

ing of the ports from the Chesapeake Bay to the Rio 
Grande to commerce, (c) The Dred Scott decision 
decided that negro slaves were property, not per- 
sons; that a Slave holder could take a slave from 
one state to another, even into a free state without 
making him free. 

314. (a) What was one of the leading principles 
or legislative acts of the Whig party? (b) Mention 
a president or candidate for the presidency of that 
party. 

Alls. The Whig party advocated a protectice tariff, 
internal improvements, and upheld the National 
Bank. Whig presidents were Harrison, Taylor, Tyler 
and Fillmoi;^ Candidates for presidency, Scott, Clay 
and White. 

315. (a) What was one of the leading principles 
or legislative acts of the Democratic party from 
1830-1860? (b) Mention a president or a candidate 
for the presidency of that party during that time. 

Ans. (a) No tariff for protection; state rights; 
annexation of Texas; the fugitive slave law; the 
sub-treasury bill; the Kansas-Nebraska bill. (Any 
one of the above may be given.) (b) Jackson, Van- 
Buren, Polk, Pierce and Buchanan were the presi- 
dents; Cass, Douglas, Breckenridge (candidates). 
(Any one of the above.) 

316. Assuming that the Oregon territory was not 
a part of the Louisiana Purchase, (a) by what right 
did the United States claim that territory? (b) 
What was the meaning of the political cry " fifty- 
four forty or. fight," in connection with that terri- 
tory? 

Ans. (a) By right of exploration, settlement, 
treaty or purchase, (b) It was a political war cry. 
We must have 54 degrees, 40 minutes north latitude 
for our northern boundary, or we would go to war 
with England. 

317. Give an account of the circumstances that 
first enabled the present Republican party to win a 
presidential campaign. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 91 

Ans. The Republicans and the Abolitionists united 
their strength in support of Lincoln in 1860, while 
the northern and southern Democrats could not 
agree and therefore divided the strength of the party 
between two candidates. 

318. State one immediate cause and one remote 
cause of the secession of South Carolina. What 
preparations for war were made by the South in 
Buchanan's administration? 

Ans. An immediate cause of the secession of 
South Carolina was the election of Lincoln and a 
remote cause was- a difference in construction placed 
upon the Constitution by the North and South. The 
South prepared for war by seizing gun powder and 
supplies for war. 

319. Mention the states that seceded during Buch- 
anan's administration. Show what was done by 
these states to establish a new government. 

Ans. The states that seceded during Buchanan's 
administration were South Carolina, Mississippi, 
Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Texas. Delegates 
from six of these states met at Charleston, S. C, 
and made a set of laws modeled after the Constitu- 
tion. They elected Jefferson Davis for their presi- 
dent, and Alexander Stephens for vice-president and 
removed the capital to Richmond, Va. 

320. Who was president at the time that South 
Carolina (a) declared the tariff laws null and void; 
(b) seceded from the Union? (c) State the attitude 
of the president toward the state in each case. 

Ans. (a) Jackson. Buchanan, (b) Jackson took 
a decided stand against the convention in South 
Carolina and sent troops to collect the revenues. 
Buchanan did nothing. 

321. Give an account of the following: Nullifica- 
tion in South Carolina, John Brown's raid. 

Ans. (a) The South was an agricultural country 
and the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, were extremely un- 
popular there, since they added considerably to the 
cost of manufactured goods received by them in ex- 
change for raw products. In December, 1832, South 



92 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Carolina through a state convention, convened to 
consider the matter, declared that the Federal tariff 
laws were null and void, forbade the collection of 
taxes and threatened to secede from the Union if 
resisted. President Jackson issued a proclamation 
that the Federal laws must be obeyed and he sent 
troops to Charleston that they might assist in en- 
forcing the laws if necessary, (b) In 1859 the whole 
country was startled by an attempt of John Brown 
to incite the slaves to an insurrection. With a band 
of only about 20 men he seized the United States 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac, in Vir- 
ginia and attempted to liberate the slaves in that 
vicinity. He expected that the slaves would join 
him and follow him as leader, but in this he was mis- 
taken. He was soon overpowered and at the same 
time several of his men were killed. He was tried 
by the Virginia courts, convicted and executed. The 
effect of this raid was to widen still more the breach 
between the North and South. 

322. Describe the origin and status of the " poor 
whites " of the South. 

Ans. The class of poor whites arose as the result 
of slavery and the peculiar industries of the South. 
They were outcasts socially, whom even the negro 
slaves held in contempt, and they had no opportunity 
to improve their condition. 

323. Describe the home of a southern planter be- 
fore the Civil War. 

Ans. Southern homes were of simple architecture 
with large rooms. In the cotintry the kitchen was 
spacious and here the family assembled around the- 
immense fire-place. Here the home life centered. 
The furniture was substantial and of dignified pat- 
tern. Comfort and usefulness were the keynotes of. 
the home. 

324. Explain the term abolitionist as used in our 
political history. Mention two of the most promin- 
ent abolitionists. 

Ans. Those who believed in the complete abolish- 
ment of slavery. Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell 
Phillips and Theodore Parker. (Other names may 
be given.) 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 93 

CIVIL WAR PERIOD. 

325. (a) Mention two causes of the Civil War. (b) 
Draw a map of the southern states and on it indi- 
cate three points specially guarded in enforcing the 
blockade. Show why each was important. 

Ans. (a) Slavery and the doctrine of states' rights, 
(b) See text-book for map. Charleston, Savannah 
and Mobile. Each of these cities was a center for 
the exportation of cotton and receipt of supplies for 
the armies and the homes. 

326. Show by map the territory under control of 
the Confederates and of the Federals in January, 
1863. 

Ans. See text-book for map. Virginia, North 
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas were un- 
der control of the Confederates and all the rest of 
the United States under the control of the Federals. 

327. (a) Explain the meaning of the term draft- 
ing in connection with the affairs of war. (b) At 
what period in the Civil War was the draft resorted 
to? 

Ans. Drafting was a means of compulsory enlist- 
ment in the army. It was resorted to in 1863, in 
the Civil War, when .the voluntary enlistment was 
inadequate. 

328. The famous Kentucky and Virginia resolu- 
tions of 1798 declared that, when the federal govern- 
ment exceeded its rights, states could unite in re- 
fusing obedience. When and how was this question 
of the right of states settled? 

Ans. In 1861-1865, by the Civil War. 

329. What was the order of the following events 
of the Civil War: the opening of the Mississippi 
River, the capture of Fort Donelson, the capture of 
New Orleans, the siege of Vicksburg? 



94 . AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. Capture of Fort Donelson, capture of New 
Orleans, siege of Vicksburg, opening of Mississippi 
River. 

330. (a) In what state was the battle of Antietam? 
(b) What movement on the part of the southern 
army led to that action? (c) What was the result 
of the engagement? 

Ans. (a) Maryland. (b) The invasion of Mary- 
land by the Confederate army, (c) The Confederate 
army was repulsed. 

831. Locate Chattanooga and state the effect of the 
battle of Chattanooga on the course of the Civil 
War. 

Ans. Chattanooga is in the southeastern part of 
Tennessee. Bragg's army was defeated and the Con- 
federacy was practically cut down to four states, 
viz.: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Virginia. 

332. What was the special advantage of location 
which in each case made the following places im- 
portant points in the Civil War: (a) Port Sumter; 
(b) Island No. 10; (c) Fortress Monroe? 

Ans. (a) Protected Charleston and harbor, (b) - 
It controlled the navigation of the Mississippi, (c) 
It guarded the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, James 
River and Hampton Roads. 

333. Show the effect in the Civil War of (a) the 
blockade, (b) the opening of the Mississippi, (c) 
Sherman's march to the sea. 

Ans. The blockade in the Civil War prevented the 
South carrying on commerce or receiving eid from 
abroad. The opening of the Mississippi cut the Con- 
federacy in two parts, captured the largest cotton 
market, and prevented them from shipping cotton 
abroad. Sherman's march to the sea cut the eastern 
Confederacy in two parts, destroyed the city where 
the supplies were kept and made it easy to capture 
the southern capital. 



4.MERICAN HISTORY. 95 

334. Mention three important naval engagements 
in the Civil War and state a result of each. 

Ans. (a) Battle between Monitor and Merrimac. 
The defeat of the Merrimac saved from attack and 
probable destruction a large part of our navy, (b) 
Battle of New Orleans gave control of the INIississippi 
as far as Vicksburg. (c) The sinking of the Ala- 
bama stopped the seizing of many merchant ships. 

335. What was the object and the result of the 
Peninsular campaign of the Civil War? 

Ans. (a) The object was to take the city of Rich- 
mond, (b) The army failed to take the city, and 
was recalled to defend Washington against a raid 
made by the Confederate troops, 

336. Mention three important battles of the Civil 
War and give an account of one of them. 

Ans. (Answers will vary.) Vicksburg, Gettys- 
burg, Merrimac and Monitor. The battle of Gettys- 
burg was fought in Pennsylvania by the Union army 
under Meade and the Confederate under Lee. It 
was a Union victory, and put an end to the proposed 
northern invasion. 

337. Write an account of the " Trent affair " and 
state what international difficulty it caused. 

Ans. England and Prance had recognized the Con- 
federate states as " belligerents." Mason and Sli- 
dell had been appointed ambassadors to Europe to 
represent the Confederate states, and they succeeded 
in escaping the northern blockade on the southern 
coast. They took passage for Europe on the British 
steamer, Trent. Charles Wilkes, of the United 
States war vessel, San Jacinto, overtook the Trent 
after it had left St. Thomas, West India, and de- 
manded the surrender of these two men. The sur- 
render was refused, but Captain Wilkes notified the 
Trent that he would fire into the vessel if the men 
were not surrendered. The Trent was stopped and 
Wilkes entered it, taking Mason and Slidell to his 
vess&l and bringing them to the United States. Cap- 
tain Wilkes exceeded his authority in this matter, 
and his action aroused the indignation of the British 
government when the facts were reported to that 



96 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

country. Great Britain immediately demanded the 
surrender of. Mason and Slidell from this country, 
to which our government acquiesced. 

3a8. (a) What Union victories of the Civil War 
were won during the first four days of July, 1863? 
(b) What general was in command of the Union 
forces in each, of these victories? 

Ans. (a) Gettysburg and Vicksburg. (b) General 
Meade at Gettysburg and General Grant at Vicks- 
burg, 

339. What event of the Civil War is given as (a) 
the first military engagement; (b) the one in which 
the first blood was shed; (c) the first great battle? 

Ans. (a) Attack on Fort Sumter, (b) Riot in the 
streets of Baltimore, (c) Bull Run. 

340. (a) What is a blockade? (b) What ^was the 
effect of the blockade on the South during the Civil 
War? 

Ans. (a) A fleet of war vessels guarding the port 
of an enemy to prevent passage of vessels. (b) 
This prevented the South from selling their produce 
to European nations and also in receiving war sup- 
plies. 

341. Show the importance of two of the following 
in the Civil War: (a) the first battle of Bull Run, 
(b) the capture of New Orleans, (c) the capture 
of Atlanta. 

Ans. (a) The first battle of Bull Run showed Mc- 
Clellan how green and raw our troops were; it also 
showed that there would be plenty of fighting be- 
fore the rebellion was put down; it also made the 
North feel that they ought to wipe out this defeat 
with a victory, (b) The capture of New Orleans 
opened up the Mississippi River as far as Vicksburg 
and Port Hudson. Our gunboats and mortars eould 
pass up the river and supplies could be carried to 
our forces operating against Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 97 

342. Name three important northern victories of 
the Civil War. Give two important results of the 
Civil War. 

Ans. Three northern victories were Shiloh, Get- 
tysburg, Missionary Ridge. Two important results 
of the Civil War were the abolition of slavery and 
the settlement of the question of states' rights. 

343. Mention five important events of the Civil 
War and show the importance of each. 

Ans. (a) The victory of the Monitor over the Mer- 
rimac. This prevented the latter from going up the 
Potomac and destroying Washington, (b) The cap- 
ture of New Orleans. This opened up the lower part 
of the Mississippi River to navigation and divided 
the Confederacy, (c) The battle of Gettysburg. This 
battle was the turning point of the Civil War. The 
Confederates lost heavily. If they had been success- 
ful they might have received aid from an uprising 
of northern sympathizers, (d) The capture of At- 
lanta and Savannah. This destroyed the South's best 
factories and cut off an important source of supplies, 
(e) The capture of Richmond. This broke the re- 
bellion. 

344. State what attempts Lee made to invade the 
territory of the North. Mention a battle of each in- 
vasion and give the result of each attempt, 

Ans. After the second battle of Bull Run in 1862, 
Lee crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland, hop- 
ing to secure volunteers for his army. McClellan 
pursued him and, fighting the battle of Antietam. 
caused Lee to retire across the Potomac into Vir- 
ginia. After the battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. 
Lee determined to make a second invasion of the 
North. He crossed the Potomac and advanced into 
Pennsylvania. The union army under Meade, hav- 
ing followed Lee, fought and won the battle of Get- 
tysburg. Lee was forced to retreat southward and 
recross the Potomac. This decisive battle was the 
turning point of the Civil War. 

345. State what attempts were made to take Rich- 
mond and why the leaders of the North were anxi- 
ous to take that city. 



98 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. During the Civil War the cry of the North 
was: "On to Richmond." Thus Richmond became 
the objective point of the campaigns of the army of 
the Potomac under McDowell, McClelland and their 
successors. Since it was the capital of the Confed- 
eracy, its capture would have tended to demoralize 
the Confederacy and to embarrass the administra- 
tion of its government, 

346. What were the Alabama Claims and how 
were they finally settled? 

Ans. After the Civil War the United States de- 
manded remuneration from Great Britain for dam- 
ages to American commerce caused by the Alabama 
and other cruisers that had either been furnished to 
the South or had aided with supplies. A board of 
arbitrators met at Geneva, Switzerland, and awarded 
$15,500,000 to the United States. 

347. Describe Sherman's march to the sea and tell 
how it weakened the Southern Confederacy. 

Ans. Sherman cut loose from his base of supplies 
at Nashville, burned Atlanta and with 60,000 men 
started for the Atlantic coast, destroying railroads 
and foraging on the country as he marched through. 
After five weeks, he arrived at Savannah, which he 
occupied. By this march a fertile country 60 miles 
wide and 300 miles long was devastated; the eastern 
portion of the Confederacy was cut in two; rail- 
roads were destroyed and immense supplies were 
captured. 

348. Mention three great surrenders that were 
made to General Grant during the Civil War and 
give an important result of each surrender. 

Ans. The surrender of Fort Donelson, 1862. This 
was the first great Union victory of the Civil War. 
Capture of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863. The result 
was the Mississippi was practically opened and 
thereafter controlled by the Union forces. Surrender 
of Lee and his army at Appomatox Court House, 
which was the conclusion of the war. 

349. Give an account of the attack on Port Sumter 
(1861) and its results. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 99 

Ans. Fort Sumter was held by IMajor Anderson 
and a small force. The Confederate leader after in 
vain summoning Anderson to surrender, opened fire. 
After a terrific bombardment of thirty-four hours 
the fort was compelled to surrender. The attack on 
Sumter aroused the North and the whole country 
rushed to arms. 

350. Name four great leaders of the Civil War 
period and mention an important service performed 
by one of them. _ • 

Alls. McClellan, Sherman, Grant, Parragut. Grant 
captured Lee's army at Appomaiox. 

351. Name three great battles of the Civil War, 
giving the commanders on each side and the results 
of each battle. 

Ans. Gettysburg, Meade, Northern; Lee, Southern, 
ended attempt to Invade the North. Vicksburg, 
Grant, Pemberton; the city was captured by Grant. 
Ahtietam, McClellan, Lee. Drawn battle. 

352. Name six generals that had command of the 
Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. 

Ans. McClellan, Grant, Hooker, Burnside, Mc- 
Dowell and Meade. 

353. Give a brief account of the services of David 
G. Farragut during the Civil War. 

Ans. Farragut led the naval expedition which cap- 
tured New Orleans and later in the war entered 
Mobile Harbor defeating the Confederate fleet. 

354. (a) Why did the North seek to maintain a 
blockade of the southern ports during the Civil 
War? (b) What were blockade runners? 

Ans. (a) To prevent the South from obtaining 
needed supplies from abroad and to prevent the 
shipment of cotton, the chief product of the South, 
(b) Swift ships built to run by the blockading ves- 
sels. 



100 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

355. Give the location of Fort Donelson, name the 
general by whom it was taken, and state an import- 
ant result of its capture, 

Ans. On the Cumberland River in northern Ten- 
nessee. Gen. Grant. The Confederates retired to 
Corinth, Miss., abandoning Tennessee and Kentucky 
to the Federal forces. 

356. (a) Who invented the Monitor? (b) What 
important service did the Monitor render? 

Ans. (a) Captain John Ericsson. (b) Defeated 
the IMerrimac thus putting a stop to the destruction 
of federal war ships by this Confederate iron-clad, 
with which the southerners hoped to be able to 
break the blockade, and, perhaps, attack northern 
cities. 

357. Give the results of " Stonewall " Jackson's 
campaign in the Shenandoah valley. 

Ans. He threatened Washington, causing Mc- 
Dowell to be called back to defend it instead of re- 
inforcing McClellan, thereby bringing about a 
failure of the Peninsular campaign and saving Rich- 
mond. 

358. How many invasions of the North were at- 
tempted by Gen. Lee? By what battle was each of 
these attempts checked? 

Ans. Two. Antietam and Gettysburg. 

359. Describe the military operations of General 
Grant in the West after the surrender of Vicksburg. 

Ans. General Grant was put in command of all 
the Union .forces west of the Alleghanies. He went 
with Sherman and the army of the Tennessee to the 
relief of the Union army besieged at Chattanooga, 
was successful, and totally defeated the Confederate 
general, Bragg, in the battles of Missionary Ridge 
and Lookout Mountain. 

360. Meade, McClellan, Hooker, Burnside and 
Grant each had, at some time during the Civil War, 
command of the Army of the Potomac. Mention a 
battle fought by each. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 101 

Ans. Meade, Gettysburg; Hooker, Chancellors- 
ville; McClellan, Antietam; Burnside, Fredericks- 
burg; Grant, the Wilderness. 

361. Why was the time when Ericsson's Monitor 
was placed in service most opportune? 

Ans. Because the Merrimac had just been com- 
pleted by the Confederates and had shown its su- 
periority to our wooden ships, but for the Monitor 
it could have broken the blockade and caused seri- 
ous injury to the North. 

362. Show how those held in slavery before the 
Civil War (a) became citizens of the United States, 
(b) obtained the right to vote. 

Ans. (a) The slaves held by the people of the 
states that were then in rebellion were freed by the 
Emancipation Proclamation of Lincoln in 1863. 
After the close of the war they were made citizens 
by the fourteenth amendment to the United States 
Constitution, (b) The fifteenth amendment to the 
Constitution of the United States. 

363. State what is meant by " reconstruction," as 
used after the close of the Civil War and explain 
how it was brought about. 

Ans. Re-establishing governments in the seceded 
states and restoring such states to their places in 
the Union. The reconstruction act of Congress re- 
quired the people of each state to make a new con- 
stitution giving negroes the right to vote; if Con- 
gress should accept the Constitution, and if the 
legislature assembled under it should ratify the 
fourteenth amendment, such state might send repre- 
sentatives and senators to Congress. 

364. What effect did the Civil War have on the 
manufacturing and commerce of England? Give the 
feeling of the different classes in England toward 
the North during the war, and account for this feel- 
ing. 

Ans. The North established a blockade of the ports 
of the seceded states. This caused great loss to the 
commercial interests of England. They could not 



102 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

obtain American cotton for their mills and were ob- 
liged to either close or run them at a great loss. 
The mercantile and tlie aristocratic class favored 
the cause of the Confederacy; the former on account 
of business interests, the latter, for social reasons. 
The great mass of the iilnglish people favored the 
cause of the North because they considered it just. 

365. Show why the Emancipation Proclamation 
was impracticable in 1861 and necessary in 1863. 
When and how did the United States free the slaves 
in the loyal states? 

Aus. (a) Public sentiment at the North would not 
have supported it; it would have driven the border 
states out of the Union. It served to prevent inter- 
ference by England and France; the South was 
using slaves to assist in building their fortifications; 
many fugitive slaves were coming within the Union 
lines and there was no way of disposing of them ex- 
cept to consider them contraband of war. (b) 
Slavery was prohibited in the loyal states by the 
13th amendment to the United States Constitution, 
adopted in 1865. 

366. Mention three expedients resorted to by the 
government to meet the expenses of the Civil War. 

Ans. Internal revenue, stamps, licenses; income 
tax; made paper money, "greenbacks'" and fractional 
currency. 

PERIOD OF RECONSTRUCTION AND GROWTU 
OF UNION, 1865. 

367. Why were many of the state governments in 
the South after the Civil War called " carpet bag " 
governments? 

Ans. Many politicians and adventurers went South 
in the hope of making fortunes through the political 
offices they might get. Many states were controlled 
by ignorant negroes. The people who thus entered 
the southern states were called carpet-baggers and 
used the negroes to execute their schemes of 
plunder. 

368. Mention one of the leading events of (a) 
Grant's administration; (b) Hayes' administration. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 103 

Ans. (a) Completion of reconstruction of south- 
ern states; completion of first railroad across the 
continent, (b) Removal of troops from the South; 
railroad and coal strikes. (Other correct answers 
may be given.) 

369. The " Civil Rights bill " and the " Freedman's 
Bureau bill " were important acts passed by Con- 
gress shortly after the close of the Civil War. State 
the general provisions of these bills. 

Ans. The Civil Rights bill gave the freedmen all 
the rights of citizenship and permitted them to sue 
for any of these rights in United States courts. The 
Freedman's Bureau bill created a commission to 
take charge of the freedmen, refugees and abandoned 
lands of the South for the purpose of protecting the 
freedmen and refugees and returning the lands to 
their rightful owners. 

370. How did President Johnson wish to deal with 
the southern states after ♦the Civil War? Show how 
disagreements arose between hin\ and Congress. 

Ans. President Johnson wished the southern 
states to be allowed representation in Congress at 
once. Congress refused to recognize the representa- 
tives of the seceded states. It passed measures in 
favor of the freedmen .over the President's veto. 
The Tenure of Office Act was passed which pre- 
vented the removal of officers by the President with- 
out the consent of the Senate. President Johnson 
removed Stanton, and the House of Representatives 
began impeachment proceedings against him. 

371. What party was in power from 1869 to 1885? 
Mention one of the prominent political topics of the 
time, and state the attitude of the dominant party 
toward that issue. 

Ans. Republican. The issue of a protective tariff. 
The Republicans favored a protective tariff. The 
Democrats believed in a tariff for revenue only. 

372. (a) Name an important event of President 
Johnson's administration, (b) State why such event 
was important. 



104 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Alls, (a) Reconstruction of southern states, (b) 
The national government was to be organized witu 
question of federal authority settled. (Answers will 
differ.) 

373. Describe the trouble between President John- 
son and Congress. 

Alls. President Johnson and Congress differed 
greatly in their plans for the reconstruction of the 
seceded states. Congress passed several laws in re- 
lation to this matter over the veto of the President. 
The most bitter feeling was engendered. Congress 
believed that the President intended to remove cer- 
tain officers required to execute these laws who were 
favorable to them and put in their places men not 
in favor of their execution. Congress therefore 
passed the tenure of office act, prohibiting the Presi- 
dent from removing any civil officer without the con- 
sent of the Senate and making a violation of this 
law a high misdemeanor. The President denied the 
right of Congress to pass such law and requested the 
resignation of Edwin Stanton, secretary of war. 
Stanton refused to resign and President Johnson re- 
moved him. For this and other reasons growing out 
of these differences, the House of Representatives 
impeached the President before the Senate. After 
due trial he was acquitted. The vote stood thirty- 
five for conviction and nineteen for acquittal. 

374. Name two important events that occurred 
during Grant's administration. 

Ans. (1) The completion of the Pacific railroad. 

(2) The completion of the work of " reconstruction." 

(3) The great fires in Chicago, Boston and western 
forests. (4) The business panic of 1873. (5) The 
Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. (6) The 
treaty with Great Britain. (7) The Modoc Indian 
War. (8) The invention of the telephone, and prac- 
tical improvements in relation to electric light. 
(Any two of the above.) 

375. Give a brief account of the industrial disor- 
ders during Hayes's administration. Why are such 
disorders more frequent now than during the co- 
lonial period? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 105 

Ans. In the summer of 1877 extensive railroad 
strikes occurred over a large part of the northern 
states. Later many coal miners of Pennsylvania 
joined the strike. Riots occurred in many cities, so 
that the militia and regular trpops were employed 
to disperse the rioters. Business was generally in- 
terrupted end much property was destroyed. 

The colonists were mainly a scattered agricul- 
tural people with few cities and towns, wliile the 
great manufacturing and transportation interests 
of the present day require many people to live in tlie 
large towns and cities. This fact affords facilities 
for organization of labor by means of labor unions 
whose leaders have authority to call extensive 
strikes for alleged grievances. 

376. Mention three additions to territory made by 
the United States since the Civil War. Show how 
each addition mentioned is valuable. 

Ans. The Hawaiian Islands are valuable for the 
production of sugar and as a place for vessels to 
stop and get supplies. Porto Rico is valuable for 
the production of sugar and tropical fruits. Alaska 
is valuable on account of the furs and gold found 
there. 

377. Describe the improvement made since the 
Civil War in (a) travel, (b) communication, 

Ans. The completion of the first Pacific railroad 
in 1869 connecting Omaha with Sacramento, was a 
memorable event. Thousands of pioneers were car- 
ried to the country along its course and a new route 
was opened for trade with Asia. Cyrus W. Field 
laid the Atlantic cable successfully in 1866, thus put- 
ting America and Europe in almost instant com- 
munication. 

378. ]\rention three causes of the split in the Re- 
publican party in 1872. 

Ans. The President's persistent attempt to annex 
San Domingo; the charge that Grant's administra- 
tion had directly or indirectly encouraged the rise 
of political bosses and political favoritism; differ- 
ences of opinion in regard to the administration's 
reconstruction policy in the southern states. 



106 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

379. Mention two noted events of McKinley's ad- 
ministration and give an account of one of them. 

Ans. The Spanish-American War; the Galveston 
disaster. Galveston is situated on a low island be- 
tween the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay. In 
September, 1900, the waters of the Gulf, driven by 
hurricane winds, flooded the entire city, demolishing 
many buildings and drowning many thousand peo- 
ple. The city has built great sea walls to prevent a 
similar diseaster. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

380. Give two causes and two important results of 
the Spanish-American War. 

Ans. The two causes of the Spanish-American 
War were: The Spanish were trying to establish a 
monarchy in Cuba and were oppressing the Cubans, 
and the blowing up of the battle ship Maine. The 
two results were: Spain ceded to the United States, 
Porto Rico and the Spanish Lesser Antilles, and the 
oppressment of the Cubans ceased. 

381. Write a brief account of the battle of Manila. 

Ans. Commodore George Dewey entered Manila 
Bay and in a few hours destroyed the Spanish fleet 
of ten vessels, also captured the forts on the shore. 

382. Mention the names of three Americans who 
distinguished themselves in the Spanish-American 
War. 

Ans. Com. Geo. Dewey, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, 
Lieut. Richard P. Hobson. 

383. Mention as results of the war with Spain (a) 
the possessions lost by Spain, (b) the territorial 
gains of the United States. 

Ans. Spain lost the following possessions: Cuba, 
Porto Rico, Guam, Philippines and some small 
islpnds. Spain ceded all of these possessions to the 
United States except Cuba. 



A3IERICAN HISTORY. 107 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

384. Give an account of one of the following: 
Erie Canal, Cumberland Road. 

Ans. (a) The rapid development of the West 
created a strong demand for better facilities of 
transportation with the East. Governor Dewitt Clin- 
ton of New York devoted himself to the construc- 
tion of the Erie Canal and the success of the un- 
dertaking is due to his tireless efforts. This canal, 
extending from Buffalo to Albany, connects the 
Great Lakes with tide water. Soon after its con- 
struction, it aided in building up a great commerce 
between New York city and the states and terri- 
tories of the northwest and was for several years 
the principal means of communication between the 
East and the West, (b) More than a million dol- 
lars were spent by the national government in build- 
ing a highway from Cumberland, :Md., to Svheeling, 
Ohio. It was a broad, smooth and solid road, built 
to meet the general demand for better means of 
communication between the different portions of the 
rapidly developing country. Owing to opposition to 
national grants for such purposes, this road de- 
pended on state aid for its further extension to the 
Mississippi. 

385. State in what manner and from whom Alaska 
was obtained and how the transaction was generally 
regarded at the time. How has that sentiment 
changed? Why? 

Ans. Alaska was purchased from Russia. There 
was a great objection to the purchase by those who 
claimed that, owing to its rigorous climate and re- 
moteness, it would be of little value. It is now con- 
sidered a valuable acquisition on account of its furs, 
fisheries, timber, coal and gold. 

386. Mention the most important public service of 
each of four of the following; selecting two from 
each group: (a) Sir William Johnson, Peter Schuy- 
ler, Nicholas Herkimer, (b) De Witt Clinton, Peter 
Cooper, Samuel J. Tilden. 

Ans. (a) Sir William Johnson used his great in- 
fluence over the Iroquois tribes for the advantage 



108 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

of the colonists; Nicholas Herkimer commanded the 
Americans at Oriskany, one of the decisive battles 
of the Revolution, (b) DeWitt Clinton was instru- 
mental in the construction of the Erie Canal. Peter 
Cooper founded Cooper Institute of New York city. 

387. Beginning with the year 1800, describe by 
map or otherwise all the additions made to the ter- 
ritory of the United States, and give the approxi- 
mate date of each accession. 

Ans. Louisiana, extending from the Mississippi to 
the Rocky Mountains, was purchased from France 
in 1803. Florida was ceded by Spain in 1819. Texas 
was annexed in 1845. In 1846 by treaty with Great 
Britain, the Oregon territory south of the forty-nintli 
parallel became a part of the United States posses- 
sions. In 1848 Mexico ceded land including the pres- 
ent states of California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona. 
In 1853 the Gadsen Purchase was secured from 
Mexico. In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia. 
Porto Rico and the Philippines were secured by war 
with Spain in 1893. In 1898 the Hawaiian Islands 
were annexed. 

388. Arrange the following in chronologic order 
with reference to their administrations: Lincoln, 
Grant, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, John 
Adams. Connect one important event with each ad- 
ministration. 

Ans. John Adams, Alien and Sedition laws; John 
Quincy Adams, opening of the Erie Canal; Andrew 
Jackson, veto of bill renewing charter of the United 
States Bank; Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, 
Grant, business panic of 1873. 

389. State an important service rendered by each 
of three of the following: Andrew Jackson, Henry 
Clay, Daniel Webster, De Witt Clinton, Samuel F. 
B. Morse. 

Ans. Henry Clay was the author of three famous 
compromises: The Missouri Compromise, the tariff 
compromise and the compromise of 1850. DeWitt 
Clinton was a governor of New York. He induced 
the people to construct the Erie Canal. Morse was 
the inventor of the electric telegraph. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 109 

S&O. Mention an important event in connection 
with each of five of the following dates: 1513, 1609, 
1754, 1789, 1815, 1825 and 1848. 

Ans. 1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean; 

1754^ Albany Convention; 1789, the Constitution went 
into effect; 1825, the completion of Erie Canal; 
1848, discovery of gold in California. 

S91. For what were each of the following men 
noted: (a) John C. Fremont, (b) George Rogers 
Clark, (c) James Russell Lowell, (d) Ellas Howe, 
(e) John Marshall? 

Ans. (a) Seized California for the United States 
during the Mexican War. (b) Conquered the terri- 
tory north of the Ohio for the Americans during the 
Revolutionary War. (c) Was a noted poet, (d) In- 
ventor of the sewing machine, (e) A noted chief 
justice of the United States. 

392. To what political party did each of the fol- 
lowing men belong: (a) John Adams, (b) Daniel 
Webster, (c) Andrew Jackson, (d) William Henry 
Harrison, (e) Henry Clay? (Answer three only.) 

Ans, (a) Federalist, (b) Federalist, National Re^ 
publican, Whig. 

393. State an historical fact connected with the 
name of each of the following generals: (a) Brad- 
dock, (b) Montcalm, (c) Herkimer, (d) Sherman. 

Ans. Braddock — defeated in the attack on Fort 
Duquesne; Montcalm — defeated by Wolfe in battle of 
Quebec, French and Indian War. Herkimer — Ameri- 
can general in battle of Oriskany, Revolutionary 
War; Sherman — marched through Georgia in Civil 
War. 

394. (a) What addition was made to the territory 
of the United States during the first 25 years of its 
administrative period? (b) Name three states ad- 
mitted to the Union during this time, (c) Name two 
great inventions that were made during the same 
period. 



110 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. (a) Louisiana Purchase, (b) Vermont 1791, 
Kentucky 1792, Tennessee 1796, Ohio 1803, Louisiana 
1812. (c) Cotton gin and steamboat. 

395. Write a paragraph on the improvements in 
modes of travel since the Civil War. 

Ans. Since the Civil War methods of transporta- 
tion have been revolutionized. First steam ships 
have taken the place of slow sailing vessels; the 
speed of railway trains has been almost doubled; a 
half dozen transcontinental lines have been con- 
structed; electricity has been applied to transporta- 
tion through trolley cars and automobiles; the stage 
coach has become a thing of the past. 

896. Give the substance of each of the following 
(a) Alien law, (b) Sedition law, (c) the Kentucky 
and Virginia resolution. State the reasons for the 
passing of these laws and resolutions. 

Ans. (a) Alien law — the president could expel 
from the country any foreigner whom he deemed in- 
jurious to the United States, (b) Sedition law— any 
one libeling Congress, the president or the govern- 
ment could be fined or imprisoned, (c) the Ken- 
tucky and Virginia legislatures denounced the Alien 
and Sedition laws as dangerous and unconstitu- 
tional, declaring that should the president persist 
in enforcing them the states would have the right 
to refuse to obey them. Both laws soon passed out 
of existence. 

397. Name a prominent statesman, other than the 
president, in public life at the time of (a) the War 
of 1812, (b). the Mexican War, (c) the Civil War. 

Ans. (a) Albert Gallatin, (b) Henry Clay, (c) 
William H. Seward. (Answers will vary.) 

398. Locate either by administration or by decade 
(1800-10, 1810-20) the following events: (a) The 
laying of the first successful Atlantic cable, (b) the 
resumption of specie payments, (c) the purchase 
of Alaska. 

Ans. (a) Johnston's administration, or decade 
1860-70. (b) Hayes' administration, or decade 1870- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. Ill 

1880. (c) Johnston's administration, or decade 
1860-1870. 

399. Mention some national ofRce held or some 
public service performed by Daniel Webster, (b) 
To what political party did he belong? 

Ans. (a) United States senator, secretary of state 
under Presidents Harrison, Tyler and Fillmore. He 
aided in the negotiation of the Ashburton-Webster 
treaty and rendered valuable service to the govern- 
ment on the slavery discussions. He was a strong 
defender of the preservation of the Union, (b) He 
belonged to the Whig party, 

400. (a) Mention two states which in 1790 had a 
greater population than the state of New York, (b) 
Mention a prominent cause of the rise of New York 
to the rank of first in population. 

Ans. (a) Massachusetts, Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania, (b) The Erie Canal opening up trade with 
the West and giving New York control of such 
trade. 

401. Classify as statesmen, inventor, or man of 
letters, each of the following: Ralph Waldo Emer- 
son, Thomas A. Edison, William M. Evarts, Edgar A. 
Foe, Charles Sumner. 

Ans. Statesmen: Evarts, Sumner. Inventor: 
Edison. Men of letters: Emerson, Poe. 

402. For what public service or for the holding of 
what office are three of the following noted: Rob- 
ert Morris, John Marshall, Alexander Hamilton, Al- ' 
bert Gallatin, John Randolph? Answer three only. 

Ans. Robert Morris for his financial aid during the 
Revolution. He also signed the Declaration of In- 
dependence and the Constitution. John Marshall 
was the most famous chief justice of the United. 
States Supreme Court. Alexander Hamilton was 
secretary of the treasury in Washington's cabinet. 
He also signed the Constitution. He is noted also 
for his wise and successful efforts to place the credit 
of the United States on a firm and enduring basis. 



112 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

403. What was the cause of each of the following 
disturbances in New York state: (a) The Anti-rent 
insurrection, (b) the Anti-Masonic excitement, (c) 
the so-called patriot war? 

Ans. (a) The refusal of the tenants on the old 
patroon estates to pay their rents, (b) The mys- 
terious disappearance of Morgan, who threatened to 
reveal Masonic secrets, (c) The sympathy of the 
people with the Canadians in their effoits to free 
themselves from British rule. 

404. It is proposed to annex by treaty the Hawai- 
ian Islands, (a) What instance has there been of 
the accLuisition of a state in a similar way? (b) 
Name a state formed from territory bought by this 
nation, and note from what country that territory 
was purchased. 

Ans. (a) Texas; (b) Louisiana from Prance. 
(Other correct answers may be given.) 

405. Mention two articles of commerce, not agri- 
cultural products taken in considerable quantity 
from North America between 1600 and 1700. 

Ans. Pish and furs. (Other correct answers may 
be given.) 

406. Among the leading American hi^'toripns were 
Bancroft, Motley, Parkman and Prescott. Note the 
title or the general subject of a history written by 
each of these men. 

Ans. Bancroft — "History of the United States," 
and " History of the Formation of the Constitution." 
Motley — " Rise of the Dutch Republic," and " His- 
tory of the Netherlands." Parkman — " The Jesuits 
in North America," and " The Old Regime in 
Canada." Prescott — " Conquest of Mexico," and 
" Conquest of Peru." (Other correct answers may 
be given.) 

407. Mention the most noted Americpn (a) diplo- 
mat, (b) naval commander, (c) financier of the 
Revolution. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 113 

Ans, (a) Benjamin Franklin; (b) John Paul 
Jones; (c) Robert Morris. 

408. Connect an important event in American his- 
tory with each of the following dates: 1774, 1789, 
1819, 1850, 1865. 

Ans. First Continental Congress; adoption of the 
United States Constitution; purchase of Florida 
from Spain; compromise bill of 1850; assassination 
of President Lincoln. 

409. Mention three controversies in which the 
United States has taken part which have been set- 
tled by international arbitration. State in general 
the terms of settlement of one of these controver- 
sies. 

Ans. Alabama claims, United States and Great 
Britain, May 8, 1871. Award in favor of U. S., $15,- 
500,000; United States and Venezuela, January 19, 
1892; Bering Sea fisheries. United States and Great 
Britain, January 20, 1892. 

410. State approximately what year (a) the war 
with Mexico ended, (b) the Civil War began. Men- 
tion three important events that occurred between 
these dates. 

Ans. (a) 1848, (b) 1861. The passage of the fugi- 
tive-slave law of 1850, the Dred Scott decision in 
1857, John Brown's raid, 1859. 

411. Describe three important routes by which 
emigrants reached the middle West before railroads 
were built. In what two ways did the railroad 
help the growth of the West? Or state the most 
Important provision of each of the following: (a) 
the Specie Circular of 1836, (b) the Independent 
Treasury Act of 1846, (c) the Legal Tender Act of 
1862, (d) the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. 

Ans. There ha.d been three roads cut through the 
forest to the West as follows: The northern route 
led to Pittsburg; the middle route to the Kanawha 
River, a branch of the Ohio; the southern, through 
the Cumberland gap. These roads were of the 



114 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

roughest sort in early times, but were improved later 
by government and state aid. Later the Erie Canal 
and the Great Lakes became an important route. 

The railroads afforded means of transporting set- 
tlers and needed supplies into the country and of 
carrying its agricultural and forest products out to 
the markets of the Atlantic seaboard. (a) It re- 
quired purchasers of public land to make their pay- 
ments in gold and silver, (b) It provided that the 
government money should be removed from the 
state banks and kept in an independent treasury at 
Washington and in sub-treasuries, established in the 
chief cities. (c) It provided that the government 
notes known as " greenbacks," should be a legal 
tender for all debts, (d) It authorized the purchase 
of from two to four million dollars worth of silver 
a month to be coined into standard silver dollars, 
and provided that they might be used in the pay- 
ment of debts by the government. 

412. Name a citizen of New York State who ren- 
dered distinguished service to the country during 
the Civil War. Tell what he did. 

Ans. William H. Seward, secretary of state under 
President Lincoln, skillfully managed our relations 
with foreign nations during the Civil War. 

413. State two ways in which territory has been 
added to the United States and give an example of 
each, 

Ans. (a) By purchase, as Alaska; (b) by conquest, 
as Porto Rico. 

414. Mention the principal subject or subjects of 
political controversy between 1830 and 1840; be- 
tween 1850 and I860. Illustrate by mentioning the 
principal measures and events of those periods. 

Ans, 1830-1840. Protective tariff, state rights. 
Nullification acts of South Carolina; compromise 
tariff of 1833; Hayne and Webster debate. 1850- 
1860, slavery, enforcement of fugitive slave act; 
Kansas-Nebraska bill, Dred Scott case, Lincoln- 
Douglas joint debate. 

415. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
The war with the Sioux Indians and the death of 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 115 

Custer, (b) the presidential succession law, (c) one 
important event in the administration of Benjamin 
Harrison. 

Ans. (a) The Sioux Indians, angry at wrongs 
suffered from the corrupt agents of the government, 
attacked the frontier settlements of Montana and 
Wyoming. Custer and 250 soldiers who were sent 
against them, were surprised and massacred, (b) 
Ihe presidential succession law provides that in 
case of death or vacancy in the oihce of president 
and vice-president, that the office of president be 
hlled by membeis of the cabinet, beginning with 
secretary of state, and so on in the oraer of the es- 
tablishment of their departments. (c) Congress 
passed the McKinley tariff act and the Sherman act 
The McKinley tariff revised the existing laws re- 
specting duties on imports. (Answers may vary.) 

416. Show how each of the following aided the set- 
tlement of the West: Daniel Boone, Robert Pulton, 
Cyrus McCormick. 

Ans. Daniel Boone first crossed into Kentucky 
and opened that fertile region to settlement. Rob- 
ert Fulton invented the steamboat which completely 
changed the mode of travel by water and aided in 
opening the West to settlement. Cyrus McCormick 
invented the reaper which made western farming 
more profitable. 

417. Connect an important event in American his- 
tory with each of the following dates: 1607, 1620, 
1774, 1789, 1861. 

Ans. 1607, Settlement of Jamestown; 1620, Land- 
ing of the Pilgrims; 1774, First Continental Congress; 
1789, Adoption of the Constitution; 1861, Beginning 
of the Civil War. 

418. Explain one of the following: Civil Service 
Reform, the New South, Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission. Indian Reservations, Hudson River tunnels, 
Public Service Commissions. 

Ans. Manufactures have been largely developed in 
the South since the Civil W^r. The water power and 
fuel available are now utilized to manufacture cot- 



116 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

ton into textiles instead of sending it to northern 
factories. Railroads have been built so that com- 
munication is easy. The South is no longer wholly 
agricultural, but is engaged extensively in manu- 
factures. 

419. Give a brief account of any two of the follow- 
ing: The Barbary War; the invention of the cot- 
ton gin and its results; the Alien and Sedition laws; 
the causes of the War of 1812. 

Ans. The people of the Barbary states had for a 
long time captured ships of other nations and held 
their crews for ransom or had levied tribute on the 
nations to prevent this piracy. The United States 
had paid such tribute, but Jefferson's administration 
refused new exactions and sent a fleet to punish the 
pirates. After several engagements, Tripoli and the 
Barbary states were glad to make a treaty, promis- 
ing to let American ships alone. 

The cause of the War of 1812, as set forth in the 
President's proclamation were: Inciting the Indiana 
to attack our borders, interfering with our com- 
merce, searching our ships and impressing Ameri- 
can seamen. 

420. Relate the circumstances under which the 
United States first came into trade relations with 
Japan. 

Ans. In 1854 Commodore Matthew C. Perry was 
sent with a fleet of war vessels on an expedition to 
Japan to endeavor to make a commercial treaty witn 
that country. Their ports had been closed to the 
world for more than two centuries, but Perry by 
tact and firmness, succeeded in making a favorable 
treaty and reopening some of their ports to com- 
merce. 

421. Give an account of Lincoln's boyhood. 

Ans. When Lincoln was a boy his parents were 
very poor He could not go to school, but he sat 
up nights and read books. He learned to read from 
the spelling book, Pilgrim's Progress and the Bible. 
He often walked many miles to get books to read. 
He had a great desire for knowledge and was very 
thoughtful and painstaking in everything. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 117 

422. Mention four financial panics of the past hun- 
dred years, giving one cause common to all and one 
peculiar to each. 

Ans. Panics of 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893. Each panic 
was preceded by a period of general business pros- 
perity which led to extravagance and speculation. 
Panic of 1837 was caused by speculation in western 
land and wild-cat banking. Panic of 1857 was caused 
by too rapid construction of railroads. Panic of 
1873 was caused by speculation in railroad building 
and in western lands. Panic of 1893 was caused by 
lack of confidence in tariff measures before Con- 
gress. 

423. Sketch the history of the protective tariff in 
the United States. 

Ans. 1789-1816, tariff for revenue only; 1816, pro- 
tective tariff gradually increasing; 1828, high pro- 
tective tariff; 1832, compromise tariff which gradu- 
ally lowered the duties to a tariff for revenue only. 
This continued until the Civil War, when the duties 
were raised repeatedly to increase the revenues. 
This war tariff continued with little change for 
about 25 years. 1890, the INIcKinley act gave a 
moderately low protective tariff. 1897, the Dingley 
act gave a high protective tariff. 

424. For what is each of the following men noted: 
(a) William Lloyd Garrison; (b) General Sam Hous- 
ton; (c) Charles Goodyear; (d) George Bancroft; 
(e) Stephen A. Douglas? 

Ans. (a) His efforts to bring about the abolition 
of slavery, (b) He was the hero of Texan independ- 
ence, (c) For the invention of a process for harden- 
ing rubber, (d) For his history of the United States, 
(e) He was a United States senator and advocated 
squatter sovereignty. 

425. What event gave rise to great agitation of 
civil service reform? What does civil service re- 
form seek to accomplish? 

Ans. The assassination of President Garfield. To 
have appointments to office made by reason of fit- 
ness for the work ascertained by examination. 



118 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

rather than to have them distributed as rewards for 
political service 

426. Give the location of (a) Fort Moultrie, (b) 
Fort Stanwix, (c) King's Mountain, (d) Give a brief 
account of an historical event connected with these 
places. 

Ans. (a) In Charleston Harbor on the coast of 
South Carolina, (b) In central New York on the 
Mohawk River, (c) In western North Carolina near 
the South Carolina boundary. (d) An expedition 
against Charleston under Sir Henry Clinton early in 
the Revolutionary War was beaten back by the gar- 
rison of Fort Moultrie. St. Leger failed in an at- 
tempt to take Fort Stanwix and so was unable to co- 
operate with Gen. Burgoyne. A large force of Brit- 
ish and Tories was totally defeated by the Ameri- 
can backwoodsmen at King's Mountain. 

427. Define or explain five of the following: Cen- 
sus, copyright, counterfeiting, patent, privateer, 
treason, treaty, veto. 

Ans. Copyright — the exclusive right to publish a 
book. Counterfeiting — making or coining of money 
for circulation without government authority. 
Patent — the exclusive right granted by a govern- 
ment to manufacture and sell an invention. Treaty 
— an agreement between two nations. Veto — refusal 
of an executive to sign a bill. 

428. Name a president (excluding Washington) 
(a) elected with little or no opposition; (b) elected 
by the House of Representatives; (c) declared 
elected by an electoral commission. 

Ans. (a) James Monroe, (b) Thomas Jefferson or 
John Q. Adams, (c) Rutherford B. Hayes. 

429. Mention two important events of McKinley's 
administration and give an account of one of them. 

Ans. The destruction of the battleship Maine, and 
the Spanish War. During the insurrection in Cuba, 
our bpttleship, the Maine, went to Havana to pay 
a friendly visit. On Feb. 15, 1898, while at anchor In 
Havana Harbor it was blown up and over two hun- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 119 

dred and sixty of the crew perished. We sent a 
court of inquiry to investigate the matter, but we 
were unable to definitely place the guilt. ■ 

430. Give an account of one of the following: (a) 
The Pacific railways, (b) the battle of Manila Bay, 
(c) the formation of Greater New York. 

Alls. Manila was protected by strong forts and a 
fleet of modern warships. Dewey's work was to en- 
ter the harbor, destroy the Spanish fleet and silence 
the batteries. He crept nearly up to the Spanish 
fleet before they noticed him. Then they opened fire. 
In a short time the whole Spanish fleet had either 
sunk or were blazing wrecks. Dewey had not lost 
a man. 

431. Name a prominent American (a) inventor; 
(b) author; (c) statesman; (d) philanthropist. 

Ans. (a) Thomas A. Edison. William D. Howells, 
Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Carnegie. 

432. Mention a portion of the earth that has been 
recently explored and name two explorers who have 
visited that section, 

Ans. The north polar regions. Commander Robt. 
E. Peary and Dr. F. C. Cook. . 

433. State the purposes of the Hague Conference. 
Explain how civilized nations might possibly secure 
lasting peace among themselves. 

Ans. The Hague Conference was established to 
consider the settlement of international disputes 
peaceably. The states represented agreed to elimi- 
nate unnecessary cruelties in case wars occurred. 
A prominent court of arbitration was formed. By 
referring disputed questions to this court, civilized 
nations might secure lasting peace. 

434. Write a paragraph on one of the following: 
The Jamestown Exposition, The St. Louis Exposi- 
tion, the value of trolley roads. 

Ans. The Jamestown Exposition was held in 1907 
to commemorate the three hundredth anniversary of 



120 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

the founding of Jamestown. The naval display was 
made a special feature, especially in the early sum- 
mer. Owing to delay in the placing of exhibits and 
other causes, the undertaking ended with a large 
deficit. The exposition was held amid surroundings 
of national interest, Hampton Roads, Norfolk, New- 
port News, which proved of great assistance in at- 
tracting visitors. 

435. What are the principal industries of the 
Pacific coast states? Show the relation of the trans- 
continental railroads to the development of these 
States. What advantage will follow the completion 
of the Panama canal? 

Ans. Lumbering, agriculture, fruit raising and 
wool raising. The transcontinental railroads gave 
the Pacific states an eastern market and led to their 
rapid growth. The Panama Canal will give them a 
short water route to the Atlantic coast and the cost 
of transportation will be lessened, 

436. Give an account of the improvement in the 
method of correspondence during the last one hun- 
dred years. 

Ans. Correspondence of business firms is carried 
on by stenographers who transcribe their short- 
hand notes by means of typewriters. Typewriters 
are also used largely by individuals so that writing 
by hand is used mainly for social correspondence. 

437. Describe both a land and a water journey 
from New York to Philadelphia that might have 
taken place about 1775. How would the same trips 
be made to-day? 

Ans. The land journey was usually by stage or on 
horseback and the water journey, by sailing vessels. 
To-day they would be made by rail or by steamboat. 

438. Define or explain five of the following: Con- 
gress, electoral college. Emancipation Proclamation, 
impeachment, legislation, suffrage, treaty. 

Ans. Congress is the chief law making body of the 
United States. It is composed of the Senate and 
House of Representatives. Electoral college; at 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 121 

each presidential election the voters choose presi- 
dential electors and do not vote directly for the 
presidential candidates. Tliese presidential electors 
chosen from the several states compose the elec- 
toral college which ballots according to law for a 
president. The Emancipation Proclamation was the 
document written and proclaimed by President Lin- 
coln on January 1, 1863, setting free all slaves un- 
less prior to that date all the states in rebellion had 
laid down their arms. Impeachment proceedings 
are brought before the U. S. Senate. 

Impeachment. The Senate has the sole power of 
sitting as a court and hearing the testimony for and 
against civil officers of the United States government 
when they are duly impeached by the House of Rep- 
resentatives for treason, bribery or other high 
crimes or misdemeanors. No official can be con- 
victed except by a vote of two-thirds of the senators 
present. 

Legislation; the term legislation applies to the 
statutes and laws duly enacted by the law-making 
bodies in the several states or nation. 

439, Show how each of the following was ac- 
quired: (a) Oregon, (b) Alaska, (c) Porto Rico. 

Ans. Oregon by right of discovery and exploration. 
Alaska by purchase from Russia for $7,200,000 in 
1867. Porto Rico by war with Spain in 1898. 

440. Sketch the life of one of the following: De- 
Witt Clinton, Ulysses S. Grant, William McKinley. 

Ans. William McKinley was twice elected presi- 
dent of the United States. His first administration 
was from 1897-1901 and shortly after entering upon 
his second term he was assassinated at the Pan 
American exposition at Buffalo, N. Y. William islc- 
Kinley was born in Ohio, 1843. He served through 
the Civil War rising to the rank of major. He then 
studied law and graduated from the Albany, N. Y. 
Law School and later entered politics. He served 
several terms in Congress and as chairman of Com- 
mittee of Ways and Means, prepared the McKinley 
tariff bill. During President McKinley's administra- 
tion occurred the war with Spain. William McKin- 
ley was a lover of peace and did all in his power to 
avert a war with Spain. But public sentiment, after 
the blowing up of the Battleship Maine in Havana 
Harbor, forced him to prosecute the short and sue- 



122 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

cessful war rgainst Spain. He had delivered a 
splendid oration at the Buffalo Exposition when he 
was treacherously shot down by the hand of an as- 
sassin. He died shortly after and was buried at his 
home city, Canton, Ohio. 

INVENTIONS. 

441. Mention an important invention or practical 
application of machinery in each of the following 
periods: (a) 1790-1810, (b) 1830-1850, (c) 1860- 
1880. 

Ans. (a) Cotton gin, steamboat; (b) reaper, tele- 
graph, railroad; (c) phonograph, iron warship. 
(Other correct answers may be given.) 

442. For what important invention are we in- 
debted to (a) Eli Whitney, (b) Elias Howe, and (c^ 
Samuel F. B. Morse? 

Ans. (a) cotton gin; (b) sewing machine; (c) 
magnetic telegraph. 

443. Mention the American who is entitled to most 
credit for each of the following: (a) steamboat, (b) 
sewing machine, (c) telegraph, (d) Atlantic cable, 
(e) telephone. 

Ans. The steamboat, Fulton, telegraph, Morse; 
telephone, Bell; Atlantic cable, Field; sewing ma- 
chine, Howe, 

444. Mention an important service of each of the 
following: Elias Howe, S. F. B. Morse, Cyrus Mc- 
Cormick, Francis Willard. 

Ans. Elias Howe invented the sewing machine; S. 
F. B. Morse invented the electric telegraph; Cyrus 
McCormick invented the reaper; Francis Willard 
was a temperance reformer, editor and author. 

445. Mention two inventions and a great public 
work of the first forty years of our national life that 
greatly stimulated and improved domestic trade and 
commerce. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 123 

' Ans. The cotton gin. The steamboat. The Erie 
Canal. 

446. Mention and explain an important result of 
the invention of each of the following: (a) the cot- 
ton gin, (b) the sewing machine, (c) the electric 
telegraph. 

Ans. The cotton gin increased the production of 
cotton and made a greater demand for slave labor, 
(b) The sewing machine cheapened all articles of 
clothing because they could be made quicker and 
easier, (c) The electric telegraph brought all parts 
of the country into direct communication. 

447. With what invention or engineering project 
is the name of each of the following identified: (a) 
Captain Eads, (b) John A. Roebling; (c) Charles 
Goodyear; (d) John Ericsson? 

Ans. (a) Deepening the channel at the mouth of 
the Mississippi, and building a bridge at St. Louis, 
(b) Building Brooklyn Bridge. (c) Inventing the 
process of vulcanizing rubber, (d) Building of the 
Monitor, and invention of tlie screw propeller for 
navigation. 

AUTHORS AND WRITINGS. 

448. Mention four individuals, each in a different 
department of literary work, who have greatly con- 
tributed to the fame of American literature. 

Ans. J. F. Cooper, novelist; R. W, Emerson, essay- 
ist; H. W. Longfellow, poet; J. L. Motley, historian. 

449. Give the author and the occasion of each of 
the following statements: (a) "With malice to- 
wards none and charity for all." (b) " We are one 
nation to-day and thirteen to-morrow." (c) " I re- 
gret that I have but one life to give for my coun- 
try." (d) " We have met the enemy and they are 
ours." 

Ans. (a) Abraham Lincoln in his second inaug- 
ural address. (b) George Washington, after the 
Revolution when the states were under the Articles 



124 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

of Confederation, (c) Nathan Hale, when about to 
be hung as a spy. (d) Captain Perry, after his vic- 
tory in the battle of Lake Erie, 

450. Name five important American writers and 
name one work of each. 

Ans. Long;fellow, "Evangeline;" Hawthorne, "The 
Scarlet Letter; " Irving, "Sketch Book; " Emerson, 
"Essays;" Holmes, "Autocrat of the Breakfast 
Table." 

451. State the class of writings or some import- 
ant work of each of the following men of letters: 
(a) Bryant, (b) Irving, (c) Noah Webster. 

Ans. (a) Bryant, poetry and journalism; (b) Irv- 
ing, novels, biographies, descriptive writings. (An- 
swers for special works, a and b, will vary.) (c) 
Noah Webster, text-books, chiefly dictionary and 
speller. 

452. Name the author of each of two of the fol- 
lowing poems: Old Ironsides, Star Spangled Ban- 
ner, Battle Hymn of the Republic. 

Ans. O. W. Holmes, Francis S. Key, Julia Ward 
Howe. 

CIVICS. 

453. (a) What three departments of government 
are provided for in the Constitution? (b) Compare 
the Constitution with the Articles of Confederation 
in this respect. 

Ans. (a) Executive, legislative, judicial, (b) The 
Articles of Confederation did not provide for execu- 
tive and judicial departments. They simply pro- 
vided for a Congress consisting of one house, and 
this body undertook to direct the various functions 
of the entire government. The Constitution provides 
for a strong effective government. It creates power 
to make laws and authority to interpret and enforce 
such laws. The Articles of Confederation provided 
for authority to make laws, but no power to inter- 
pret or enforce them. 

454. Mention two changes that were made in the 
Constitution after the Civil V/ar. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 125 

Ans. The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery, 
the fourteenth amendment gave citizenship to the 
negro, 

455. Tell how the president is elected. 

Ans. The president is chosen by electors of which 
each state elects a number equal to the number of 
its senators and representatives in Congress. The 
electors meet in their respective states and vote for 
president and vice-president. Certified lists of per- 
sons voted for . are sent to Washington and opened 
and counted by the president of the Senate in the 
presence of both houses. A majority is necessary 
to elect. 

456. Why does the president have a cabinet? Why 
were there more men in President Roosevelt's cabi- 
net than there were in Washington's cabinet? 

Ans. They are his advisers and they assist him in 
the executive business of the government. The 
population, territory and business of the country 
have increased to such an extent that a larger cabi- 
net is necessary. 

457. What is a constitution? What serves as a 
constitution in a city? 

Ans. A constitution is the fundamental, organic 
law or principles of government of a nation or state. 
In a city the cliarter serves as a constitution. 

458. Mention two duties of the president of the 
United States that must be performed with the ad- 
vice and consent of the Senate. 

Ans. (a) He has power by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate to make treaties, (b) He has 
the power of appointing by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls and judges of the Supreme 
Court, (c) He is commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy of the United States. 

459. State the provisions made for succession to 
the presidency in the event of the death, disability 
or removal of both the president and the vice-presi- 
dent. 



126 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Ans. The succession is as follows: Vice-presi- 
dent, secretary of state, secretary of treasury, sec- 
retary of war, attorney-general, postmaster general, 
secretary of navy, secretary of the interior, secre- 
tary of agriculture, secretary of commerce and 
labor. 

460. Give the manner of election, term of office 
and qualifications of members of the House of Rep- 
resentatives. 

Ans. Members of the House of Representatives are 
chosen directly by the people of the congressional 
district for a term of two years. A member chosen 
must be ^at least twenty-five years of age, for seven 
years a citizen of the United States, and when 
elected an inhabitant of the state from which he is 
chosen. 

461. Mention five powers of Congress, two powers 
of the president, two powers of the Senate and one 
power of the House of Representatives. 

Ans. Five powers of Congress are to levy and col- 
lect taxes, coin money, establish post offices and 
post roads, declare war, support armies. Two 
powers of the president are to be commander-in- 
chief of the army and to make treaties. Two powers 
of the Senate are to try impeachments and to con- 
firm appointments of ambassadors. One power of 
the House is to originate bills of revenue. 

462. State in regard to the justices of the Supreme 
Court of the United States (a) method of appoint- 
ment, (b) term of office, (c) Who was the first chief 
justice? 

Ans. (a) Appointed by the president, with the 
advice and consent of Senate, (b) For life, on good 
behavior, (c) John Jay. 

463. Mention five powers granted to Congress by 
the Constitution. 

Ans. The Constitution gives Congress the power 
to levy and collect taxes; to regulate foreign com- 
merce; to coin money; to grant letters of marque 
and reprisal and to declare war. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 127 

464. What is the name of the highest court of the 
United States? How are its judges chosen? 

Ans. United States Supreme Court. Appointed by 
the president and confirmed by the United States 
Senate. 

465. State three qualifications of the president 
that are required by the Constitution. 

Ans. The Constitution requires that a president be 
a natural born citizen, at least thirty-five years of 
age, and that before his election he shall have lived 
in the United States for fourteen years. 

466. What is the term of office of United States 
senators; of representatives in Congress? Why did 
the framers of the constitution adopt this plan of 
having an equal number of senators from each state 
and the number of representatives in proportion to 
the population? 

Ans. Six years; two years. It was a compromise 
between the national party and the state party. The 
former favoredl representation in Congress based on 
the population or proportional representation; the 
latter wanted the same number of representatives 
from each state. The compromise combined the two 
plans, thus satisfying in a measure both parties and 
greatly aiding in the adoption of the Constitution. 

467. Give the titles of five officers belonging to 
the president's cabinet and state one duty of each. 

Ans. The secretary of state represents the people 
of the United States in dealings with foreign na- 
tions. The secretary of war looks after the train- 
ing of soldiers, the building of forts, arsenals, etc., 
which would be needed in war. The attorney-gen- 
eral gives lega.1 advice to the president, congress- 
men and other government officials. The postmaster 
general attends to the transportation of mails, etc. 
The secretary of the navy looks after the mainten- 
ance of a navy, the training of sailors, etc. 

468. Give arguments for or against choosing 
United States senators by direct vote of the people. 

Ans. For: Legislatures are more easily corrupted 
than the great mass of voters. Members of the 



128 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

legislature are elected on state issues, while United 
States senators should be elected on national issues. 
If the people had the right to chose senators by 
direct vote the United States Senate would pay more 
heed to the needs of the masses. 

469. What important duty is performed by the 
vice-president? Mention three vice-presidents who 
have succeeded to the presidency through the death 
of the president. 

Ans. The vice-president is presiding officer of the 
Senate. John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew John- 
son. 

470. What is a veto? How may a bill that has 
been vetoed become a law? 

Ans. A veto is the refusal on the part of a gov- 
ernor of a state or president of the United States to 
approve and sign a bill. A vetoed bill to become a 
law must command a two-thirds vote in each house. 

471. What is the presidential succession act? In 
whose administration was it passed? 

Ans. An act of Congress declaring who shall be 
president in case the office of both president and 
vice-president becomes vacant. By its terms the 
office is to be filled by members of the president's 
cabinet, beginning with the secretary of state. 
Cleveland's first term. 

472. How is the office of secretary of state of the 
United States filled? Give two of his most import- 
ant duties. 

Ans. Appointed by the president and confirmed by 
the Senate. He supervises the publication of all 
laws, treaties, and public archives and records, and 
preserves the same in his office. He has charge of 
all correspondence relating to foreign matters. He 
makes out and records passports, commissions, etc. 

473. What member of the president's cabinet has 
charge of the United States military school at West 
Point; the naval school at Annapolis; the Indian 
schools? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 129 

Ans. Secretary of war; secretary of the navy; sec- 
retary of the interior. 

474. How are new states admitted into the Union? 
How are the territories governed? How is a terri- 
tory represented in Congress? 

Ans, By an act of Congress. Congress prescribes 
a local territorial government. The president ap- 
points a governor, subject to the confirmation of 
the Senate. A territory is represented in Congress 
by a delegate, who may discuss questions before 
that body, but who is not allowed to vote. 

475. Define five of the following: Contract, 
caucus, municipal corporation, extradition, patent, 
government, privateer. 

Ans. A contract is an agreement, oral or written. 
In which two or more persons agree to do or not to 
do a specified thing. A caucus is a meeting held 
for the nomination of public officers. A patent is 
an exclusive right 'to make or sell a specified thing, 
and is given by the government to the inventor. 
Government is the polity for ruling a mass of peo- 
ple. A privateer is a vessel owned and equipped by 
an individual and given authority by the government 
to attack and capture the vessels of an enemy. 

476. Explain why a town meeting is sometimes 
called the " school of democracy." 

Ans. In a town meeting every voter may vote di- 
rectly for or against all by-laws that are proposed 
or made for the town, and takes a direct part in the 
ruling of the town. Thus the town government is 
directly democratic, and since the town meeting is 
the place where the voters assemble, it is sometimes 
called the " school of democracy." 

477. Give the length of term and two duties of 
each of the following: County clerk, highway com- 
missioner (town), justice of the peace. 

Ans. The county clerk is elected for three years, 
the highway commissioner for two years, and the 
justice of the peace for four. The county clerk keeps 
in custody all official papers, and keeps a record of 
all county matters. The highway commissioner di- 
vides his district into road districts and appoints 



130 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

road masters. It is his duty to see that all roads 
and bridges in his district are kept in good condi- 
tion. The justice of the peace tries petty criminals 
and minor civil suits. 

478. What is the business of a custom house? 

Ans. To collect import duties on goods brought 
into the country. 

479. What is meant by indirect taxation? Give an 
example. 

Ans. Indirect taxation is the raising of revenue by 
tax on certain articles which is ultimately paid by 
the consumer in the increased cost of the taxed ar- 
ticles. The custom duties. 

480. Mention an officer who is chosen (a) by the 
state legislature, (b) by the governor, (c) by the 
president. 

Ans. (a) United States senator, (b) superintend- 
ent of insurance, (c) cabinet officers. 

481. Give reasons why the results of a municipal 
election may be more important to a citizen than 
the results of a presidential election. Should 
municipal and presidential elections be held at the 
same time? Give reasons. 

Ans. A citizen is more directly affected by local 
legislation, and has more pecuniary interest in the 
management of local affairs. Protection of life and 
property depends more directly upon the local gov- 
ernment. , ,^ ^ , ^ 

Municipal and presidential elections should not be 
held at the same time because different questions 
are at issue and the party lines of a national elec- 
tion should be ignored in a local election. 

482. Give reasons for and against holding muni- 
cipal and state elections on the same day. 

Ans. For: There is no need of having two elec- 
tions where one will suffice, for the average citizen 
can vote intelligently on both local and state issues 
on the same day. Against: When the municipal 
election is held on a separate day, it is possible tor 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 131 

cities to conduct their campaigns on purely local 
issues. 

483. Name two bodies that compose the New York 
Legislature and tell how the members are chosen. 

Ans. Senate and Assembly. They are chosen by 
the qualified voters of their respective senate and 
assembly districts. 

484. State four powers given to Congress by the 
Constitution. 

Ans. To regulate commerce with foreign nations 
and among the several states; to coin money; to 
declare war; to provide and maintain a navy. 
(Other powers may also be given.) 

485. What is the object of having two branches of 
the state legislature. 

Ans. It prevents hasty legislation. There is less 
likelihood of defective or ill-advised acts passing 
two houses. One house operates as a check upon 
the other to prevent legislation which is not for the 
best interest of the people. 

486. State the general duties of the attorney-gen- 
eral of New York State. His term of office. 

Ans. He is the attorney for the state and prose- 
cutes and defends actions on behalf of the state. 
Two years. 

487. Give the general duties of inspectors of elec- 
tion. 

Ans. They receive the votes cast at an election 
and deposit them in boxes provided for that pur- 
pose. After the polls are closed they canvass such 
votes and make true reports of the same as directed 
by law. 

488. Who is the custodian of the public records 
of (a) the county, (b) the town, (c) the school dis- 
trict? 

Ans. (a) The county clerk, (b) the town clerk, 
(c) the school district clerk. 



132 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

489. Distinguish between a bill of indictment and 
the presentment of a grand jury. 

Ans. A district attorney, in the prosecution of an 
accused person, after presenting the evidence in the 
case to the grand jury, draws a document of accusa- 
tion which, when approved by the grand jury, be- 
comes a bill of indictment. Sometimes the grand 
jury takes the initiative and makes, against the ac- 
cused, a paper similar to a bill of indictment. This 
is called the presentment of a grand jury. 

490. Who is the chief executive in the state? in 
the county? in the city? in the village governments? 

Ans. (a) Governor, (b) sheriff, (c) mayor, (d) 
president, 

491. Give two important powers of Congress, two 
prohibitions on the states and one prohibition on the 
Lnited States. 

Ans. Congress has power to declare war, to pass 
laws for the United States and to appropriate money 
for national purposes. No state may enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or contract, and no state may main- 
tain an army or navy in time of peace. The United 
States are forbidden to establish any form of re- 
ligion or manner of worship. 

492. Define treason and state the kind of testi- 
mony necessary to convict a person of treason. 

Ans. Treason on the part of a citizen of the United 
States consists in making war against the United 
States, or in adhering to or giving aid to the enemies 
of the United States. To convict a person of trea- 
son at least two witnesses must swear under oath 
that the accused is guilty and they must agree aa 
to the crime committed. 

493. By whom are city ordinances made? By 
whom are they enforced? 

Ans. City ordinances are usually made by the 
common council and enforced by the mayor. 

494. State a compromise made in the formation of 
the Constitution (a) between the large states and 
the small states; (b) on the question of slavery. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 133 

Ans. (a) The smaller states wanted equal repre- 
sentation with the larger states in Congress, while 
the larger states insisted upon a representation 
based on population. A compromise was reached 
by agreeing upon equal representation in the Senate 
and the representation in the House of Representa- 
tives on population, (b) That the importation of 
slaves should not be prohibited earlier than 1808. 
The important compromise on the slave question in 
framing the Constitution was in regard to the basis 
of represents tion in Congress. The slave states 
wanted the slaves counted for the purpose of de- 
termining representation, while the states opposing 
slavery desired to base the representation on the 
free people. A compromise was reached by fixing 
the basis of representation on free people and three- 
fifths of all other persons. 

495. What is included in the term Civil Service? 

Ans. The civil service includes all positions in the 
public service of the nation, states and civil divisions 
thereof excepting those positions of a military or 
naval character. 

496. Explain the merit system. 

Ans. The merit system is a method of making ap- 
pointments in the civil service whereby competitive 
examinations of candidates for positions are held 
and appointments made of those standing highest in 
such examinations. 

497. What is the order of appeal in the courts of 
New York State? 

Ans. Justice's court or city court to county court; 
county court to appellate division of supreme court; 
supreme court (trial term) to appellate division of 
supreme court; appellate division of supreme court 
to court of appeals. 

498. Describe the organization of the New York 
State Education Department. 

Ans. The New York State Education Department 
is under the general control of a board of eleven 
regents, one of whom is elected each year by the 
state legislature for a term of eleven years. The 
board of regents elects the commissioner of educa- 
tion, who in turn appoints the subordinate officers 
subject to the approval of the board. 



134 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



499. Name five New York State departments or 
commissions whose heads are appointed by the gov- 
ernor. 

Ans, Insurance department, commission in lunacy, 
prison commission, board of tax commissioners, pub- 
lic service commission, 

500. What New York State officers are elected by 
the people? 

Ans. Governor, comptroller, treasurer, attorney- 
general, secretary of state, state engineer and sur- 
veyor. 



Outline Biographies of Men and Women 
Prominent in American History* 

EARLY PERIOD. 

Christopher Columbns, navigator and explorer, was 
born in Genoa, 1447; went to sea at 14; early con- 
ceived the idea of reaching India by sailing west- 
ward; applied for help to John II of Portugal, Henry 
VII of England, and Duke of Medina Cell, who re- 
ferred him to Isabella, queen of Castille. Receiving 
aid from the latter and her husband. King Ferdin- 
and of Spain, he set sail from Spain with three small 
vessels, reached San Salvador on Friday, Oct. 12, 
1492, and thus discovered a new continent; he made 
three other voyages to the new world. He died in 
Spain, May 20, 1504. 

Ferdinand DeSoto, a famous Spanish explorer, was 
born in 1500; conducted an expedition from Spain 
to Florida in 1539 and discovered the Mississippi 
River. He died in 1542 and was buried in the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Henry Hudson was an English discoverer of whose 
birth and early history nothing is known. In 1607 
he made a voyage in search of the Northwest pas- 
sage; in 1608 sailed to Nova Zembla and in 1609, in 
the service of the Dutch East India Company,' he 
sailed in the Half Moon for Davis' Straits, but 
reached Cape Cod, then went to Chesapeake Bay and 
later discovered the Hudson River, up which he 
sailed as far as where Albany now stands. In 1610 
he sailed again in an English ship, discovered Hud- 
son's Strait and Hudson's Bay, and was subsequently 
set adrift by his mutinous crew and perished. 

Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), French ex- 
plorer and colonizer, was born at Bronage, France, 
the son of a ship captain; was trained in the prin- 

135 



136 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

ciples of navigation and cartography; entered the 
army and served in several campaigns; made many 
voyages to the New World; explored the territory 
bordering on the St. Lawrence River and discover&d 
Lake Champlain; founded Quebec; joined the 
Huron and Algonquin Indians in attacking the Iro- 
quois; wrote excellent accounts of his explorations 
and of Indian life; died at Quebec, Christmas Day, 
1635. 

Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer, was born in Sid- 
mouth in 1552; educated at Oxford; became an ex- 
plorer; won the favor of Queen Elizabeth; explored 
the eastern coast of the United States; introduced 
into England potatoes and tobacco; was tried for 
conspiracy against the king and sentenced to deatH, 
but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment; 
later was released and made an expedition to 
Orinoco; was finally beheaded under first sentence 
in 1618. 

Capt. John Smith, soldier and adventurer, was 
born at Willoughby, Lincolnshire, England, in 1580; 
was apprenticed to a Lynn merchant, but went to 
France and saw some soldiering under Henry IV. 
'in 1605 he joined an expedition to colonize Virginia; 
saved from death by Princess Pocahontas, he was 
elected president of the colony, but returned to Eng- 
land in 1609. During 1610-1617 was again in North 
Virginia. He died in London, 1631. 

John Winthrop, colonial governor of Massachu- 
setts, was born near Groton, Suffolk, England, Janu- 
ary 22, 1588; was educated at Trinity College and 
acquired great influence among the Puritans of Eng- 
land; was chosen governor of the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony in October, 1629, the following year he 
came to America; served as governor from 1629-34, 
1637-40, 1642-44 and 1646-49; wrote a journal which 
was later published as the history of New England 
from 1630 to 1649. He died at Boston, March 26, 
1649. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 137 

George Cahert (Lord Baltimore), Catholic noble- 
man and proprietor of Avalon, in Newfoundland, by 
grant of James I, 1625, petitioned Charles I for a 
charter for Maryland, which was granted to his son 
Cecil in 1632, Lord Baltimore, having died two 
months before, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore 
sent out his brother, Leonard Calvert, as governor. 
Five Lord Baltimores succeeded, and the title be- 
came extinct in 1771. 

Roger Williams (1600-83), apostle of toleration 
and founder of Rhode Island, was born in Wales, 
and educated in the Charterhouse and Pembroke 
College, Cambridge; became a Puritan and emi- 
grated to New England in 1631; purchased land of 
the Indians and founded Providence; established the 
Baptist Church of America; published a "Key Into 
the Language of America," " Spiritual Life and 
Health" and other works; he was president of the 
Rhode Island colony till 1658; refused to persecute 
the Quakers, but had a famous controversy with 
them recorded in " George Fox Digged out of His 
Burrowes." 

John Eliot, the Indian Apostle, was born probably 
at Widford, Herts, England, in 1604. He graduated 
from Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1622, and after 
taking orders left England. He landed at Boston in 
1631. He preached to the Indians and translated 
many religious works into their native tongue. He 
died at Roxbury, May 21, 1690. 

William Penn, founder of the colony of Pennsyl- 
vania, was born in London, October 14, 1644; he 
studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and while there 
became a convert to Quakerism, and later was a 
leading advocate of the doctrines of that sect. He 
received a grant of territory comprising the present 
state of Pennsylvania from King Charles II, and 
sailed for the new world in September, 1862. He 
established a colony in Pennsylvania, founded Phila- 
delphia, and instituted a democratic government 



138 AMERICAN HWTOItY. 

where the principle of religious freedom was fully 
recognized. Penn and his colonists always lived n 
peace with the Indians. He returned to England be- 
came involved in financial difficulties, was impris- 

Z:, T. 'f "^^ ''''^''^- «« ''-'J '■> Berks Eng- 
land, July 30, 1718. 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

George Washington was born Feb 22 1732 at 
Bridges Creek, Va. In 1747 he went to Mt. Ver'non 
and read many books. In 1748 Lord Fairfax em- 
ployed him to survey his property. During this 
time he learned the use of arms and studied the art 
of war. Governor Dinwiddle sent Washington as a 
messenger to the French and after this he headed 
an expedition to drive out the French. He later 
resigned, but was placed at the head of the Virginia 
forces. He married Martha Custis in 1759 He rep- 
resented his county in the House of Burgesses and 
acted as vestryman of his parish. He represented 
Virginia in the first and second Continental Con- 
gresses, and at once took a leading part. He was 
commander-in-chief of the army during the Revolu- 
lonary War. When the end of the war came the 
army desired to make him ruler, but he retired to 
Mt. Vernon and sought to secure a strong govern- 
ment by constitutional means. In 1787 he presided 
over the convention of delegates from the twelve 
states which formulated the Constitution. He was 
chosen president in 1789 and held the office two 
terms. He died at Mt. Vernon Dec. 14, I799. 

Benjamin Franklin, printer, editor, scientist, in- 
ventor, statesman and diplomat, was born in Boston, 

wr'hif ." !!' ''''■ ""' ^^""^^ *^^ P^-^-^ trade 
with his brother m Boston. Later he worked at the 

t.hr r. Philadelphia and London. In 1729 he es- 
tablished the " Pennsylvania Gazette " and in 173^ 
commenced the publication of "Poor Richards Al"- 
manac. He made experiments in electricity which 



ASIERWAN HISTORY. 139 

resulted in important discoveries; he also invented 
the lightning rod and the Franklin stove. In gov- 
ernmental affairs he took an active part and held 
many important offices. He assisted in the prepara- 
tion of the Declaration of Independence and during 
the Revolutionary War, represented the colonies at 
the court of France. He died at Philadelphia, April 
17, 1790. 

Samuel Adams, statesman and patriot leader, was 
born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 1722; was educated 
at Harvard; engaged in trade and became tax col- 
lector of Boston; was a member of the Massachu- 
setts General Court and took an active part in op- 
posing the taxation schemes of England; was a dele- 
gate to the Continental Congress and signed the 
Declaration of Independence; was elected lieuten- 
ant-governor and later governor of Massachusetts. 
He was a cousin of John Adams, second president 
of the United States. Samuel Adams died in Bos- 
ton Oct. 2, 1903. 

James Otis, lawyer, was born at West Barnstable, 
Mass., February 5, 1725; became a leader of the 
Boston bar; was advocate general in 1780; was 
elected to the INIassachusetts assembly in 1761, and 
was prominent in the resistance to the revenue acts; 
was savagely beaten by revenue officers in 1769 and 
lost his reason; he was killed by lightning in 1783. 
His fame chiefly rests on his pamphlet on the 
'' Rights of the Colonies Asserted." 

Patrick Henry, orator, was born in Hanover 
Corftity, Va., 1736; failed in store-keeping and in 
farming; turned lawyer in 1760, and first displayed 
his great eloquence in pleading the cause of the 
people against an unpopular tax; soon was fore- 
most of American orators; in 1776 he became gov- 
ernor of the New State of Virginia and was four 
times re-elected. In 1791 he retired from public 
life and died in 1799. 



140 AMERICAS HISTORY. 

Robert Morris, financier, was born at Liverpool, 
England. January 31, 1734; came to Philadelphia at 
the age of fourteen and entered the counting house 
of Charles Willig, a rich merchant, whose partner 
he became in 1754; signed the non-importation 
agreement of 1765 and opposed the Stamp Act; be- 
came a member of the Pennsylvania legislature and 
a delegate to the Second Continental Congress; 
signed the Declaration of Independence; was ap- 
pointed superintendent of finance during the Revo- 
lutionary War and raised the money necessary to 
carry on the war, partly on his own credit; estab- 
lished the Bank of North America in 1781; became 
a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787; 
was offered the position of secretary of the treasury 
by Washington, but declined and recommended Al- 
exander Hamilton; was elected to the United States 
Senate and served till 1795; was unfortunate in 
business speculations and was imprisoned for debt 
from February 16, 1798, to August 26, 1801; died May 
8, 1806. 

Marquis de La Fayette (Marie Paul), soldier, was 
born in Auvergne, France, September 6, 1757, of an 
ancient family; fell heir to large estates; entered 
the French army and when captain of dragoons in 
1776 determined to join the Revolutionists in North 
America; fitted out a yacht at his own expense, 
joined the patriots and served as major-general 
without pay from 1777-1783. After the Revolution- 
ary War he returned to France, was active poli- 
tically for more than thirty years and filled several 
important government positions. He visited the 
United States in 1824-25 and was everywhere re- 
ceived with honor. He was a lover of freedom and 
noted for his honesty, courage and ability. He died 
in Paris, May 20, 1834. 

John Adams, statesman and second president of 
the United States, was born in Braintree, Mass., Oct. 
31, 1735; distinguished himself at Harvard; was ad- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 141 

mitted to the bar in 1758; settled in Boston in 1T68, 
and soon had a very large practice; led the pro- 
test against the Stamp Act in 1765; was a delegate 
from INIassachusetts to the first continental con- 
gress; was a member of the committee that framed 
the Declaration of Independence; was sent to 
France and to Holland as commissioner from the 
new republic; was minister to England, 1782-88; 
became vice-president under Washington, 1789; was 
re-elected in 1792 and was chosen president in 1796; 
died at Quincy, Mass., July 4, 1826. 

Jolin Hancock, statesman and revolutionary pa- 
triot, was born at Braintree, INIass., Jan. 12, 1737; 
was educated at Harvard; went into business with 
his uncle; became a member of the General Court 
and actively opposed the oppressions of the mother 
country; was president of the Continental Congress, 
1775-77, and a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence; after the war he was twice governor of 
Massachusetts, 1780-84 and 1787-93. He died at the 
place of his birth, Oct. 8, 1793. 

Philip John Schuyler, general and statesman, was 
born at Albany, 1733; raised a company and fought 
at Lake George in the French and Indian War; was 
a delegate to the Continental Congress of 1775, 
which appointed him major-general; did valiant ser- 
vice at Saratoga against Burgoyne; was state sena- 
tor in New York for thirteen years and United 
States senator one term; died in 1804. 

Thomas Paine, religious and political radical, was 
born in England, Jan. 29, 1737; came to America in 
1774; wrote in 1776 his pamphlet "Common Sense," 
which argued for complete independence; served in 
the American army and was made secretary to the 
committee of foreign affairs. In 1785 Congress gave 
him $3,000 and a farm. In 1787 he returned to Eng- 
land and published his " Rights of Man; " later went 
to France and became a deputy to the National Con- 
vention; was imprisoned by the Robespierre fac- 



142 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

tion; returned to America in 1802 and died in New 
York, 1809. His most famous work was " The Age 
of Reason." 

Robert R. Livingston, statesman, was born in New 
York, Nov. 27, 1746; was admitted to the bar in 1773; 
was sent to the Continental Congress in 1775 and 
helped draw up the Declaration of Independence; 
till 1801 was chancellor of New York State Univer- 
sity; helped Fulton to construct his steamer; and 
introduced into America the merino sheep and the 
use of sulphate of lime as a manure; died February 
26, 1813. 

John Jay, statesman and jurist, was born at New 
York, Dec. 12, 1745; was educated at Kings College 
(now Columbia University) ; studied law with Rob- 
ert R. Livingston; became a member of the first 
Continental Congress; was appointed minister to 
Spain in 1778; with Franklin and John Adams, he 
negotiated peace with Great Britain; became secre- 
tary of foreign affairs in 1784 and held this place 
until the establishment of the new government; was 
appointed chief justice of the supreme court by 
Washington; was special commissioner to Great 
Britain in 1794 and negotiated the treaty that bears 
his name; later became governor of New York 
State; died at Bedford, N. Y., 1829. 

CRITICAL AND DEVELOPMENT PERIODS. 

Thomas Jefferson, statesman and third president 
of the United States, was born at Shadwell, Va., 
April 2, 1743; was admitted to the bar in 1767 and 
practiced with success; was a member of the Con- 
tinental Congress and wrote the Declaration of In- 
dependence; served as minister to France, as sec- 
retary of state, vice-president and two terms as 
president of thei United States; was the founder of 
the Democratic party; died at Monticello, Va., July 
4, 1826. During his first term as president the 
Louisiana territory was purchased. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 143 

James Madison, fourth president of the United 
States, was born at Port Conway, Va., March 16, 
1751; was educated at Princeton College; was 
elected to the Virginia Convention that framed the 
Constitution of the United States; was appointed 
secretary of state by Jefferson and succeeded the 
latter to the presidency; after serving two terms as 
president he retired to Montpelier, Va., where he 
died June 28, 1836. 

Alexander Hamilton, lawyer and statesman, was 
born January 11, 1757, in the island of Nevis in the 
West Indies; served on Washington's staff during 
the Revolutionary War; became a prominent lawyer 
in New York; took an active part in the formation 
of the American Constitution and ably defended it 
in his contributions to "The Federalist;" became 
secretary of the treasury under Washington and 
restored the national credit; founded the United 
States Bank and established the national funding 
system; was a recognized leader in the Federalist 
party; was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, July 
12, 1804. 

James Monroe, fifth president of the United States, 
was born in Westmoreland County, Va., April 28, 
1758; was educated at William and Mary College, 
Va.; served in the Revolutionary War and was 
wounded at Trenton; was a delegate to Congress, 
1783 to 1786, and United States Senator from Vir- 
ginia, 1790-94; in the latter year he was appointecl 
minister to France v/here he served two years; was 
governor of Virginia, 1799-1802; with Morris and 
Livingston, he negotiated the purchase of Louisiana 
from France in 1803; was minister to Great Britain, 
1803-07; became secretary of state under Madison 
and was elected to the presidency in 1816; was re- 
elected in 1820; set forth the famous "Monroe Doc- 
trine " in a message to Congress; died at New York, 
July 4, 1831. 



144 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

John Marshall (1755-1835), born in Fauquier 
County, Va., was studying law when the Revolution 
began. He served as an ofRcer, 1775-79. In 1781 he 
settled down to his profession and soon rose to be 
the head of the Virginia bar. In 1799 he was elected 
to Congress; in 1800-01 he was secretary of state, 
and from 1801 he was chief justice of the United 
States. His decisions are authoritative on constitu- 
tional law. He wrote a " Life of Washington." 

DeWitt Clinton, lawyer and statesman, w£s born 
at Little Britain, Orange Co., N. Y., March 2, 1769; 
was educated at Columbia College and was admitted 
to the bar in 1788; became in succession assemble- 
man, state senator. United States senator and mayor 
of New York City; became governor of New York 
State in 1817 and was twice re-elected. He is recog- 
nized as the foremost advocate of the construction 
of the Erie Canal. He died at Albany, N. Y., Febru- 
ary 11, 1828. 

Joseph Story (1779-1845), born at Marblehead, 
Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1798, was admitted 
to the bar in 1801; elected to the state legislature 
in 1805, and became a leader of the republican party. 
In 1808 he entered Congress, in 1811-45, was a jus- 
tice of the supreme court, and also from 1829 law 
professor at Harvard. His works include " Com- 
mentaries on the Constitution of the United States," 
" The Conflict of Laws," and " Equity Jurisprud- 
ence." 

Henry Clay, statesman, was born in Hanover 
County near Richmond, Va., April 12, 1777; studied 
law, was admitted to the bar and practiced at Lex- 
ington, Ky. ; became a member of the Kentucky leg- 
islature; was elected to the United States Senate in 
1806 to fill a temporary vacancy, and the following 
year was elected speaker of the Kentucky legis- 
lature; was again elected to United States Senate 
in 1809 and became a representative in Congress in 
1811; was a representative of the United States in 



AMERICA^^ HISTORY. 145 

the negotiation of peace at Ghent after the war of 
1812; was secretary of state under John Quincy 
Adams; was three times nominated by his party for 
the presidency, but was never elected; died at Wash- 
ington, D. C, Juiie 29, 1852. 

Daniel Webster, orator and statesman, was born 
at Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1782; graduated at 
Dartmouth, 1801; was admitted to the bar in 1805 
and practiced law at Portsmouth, N. H., and later 
at Boston; represented Massachusetts in Congress 
from 1823-27 and was United States senator, 1827- 
41; was secretary of state under Fillmore and died 
holding this post without ever reaching the goal of 
his ambition — the presidency. His reputation as an 
orator of the highest rank rests upon his masterly 
addresses which include an address in 1820, on the 
two-hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Pil- 
grims at Plymouth, an address in 1825 at the laying 
of the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill monument, 
and an address in 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary 
of the Declaration of Independence. His eulogy on 
Jefferson and John Adams, the second Bunker Hill 
address, an address at Washington in 1851, and his 
addresses in the senate including his famous reply 
to R. Y. Hayne won for him international repute. 
He died in Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852. 

Andrew Jackson, seventh president of the United 
States, was born at Waxhaw Settlement, North Caro- 
lina, March 15, 1767; suffered privations during his 
early years; studied law and began to practice his 
profession at Nashville, Tenn.; was elected a mem- 
ber of Congress in 1796 and later became United 
States senator; was appointed judge of the supreme 
court of Tennessee; became an Indian fighter and 
subdued the Creek warriors in Alabama and 
Georgia; was appointed major-general during the 
war of 1812 and won the famous battle of New Or- 
leans, January 8, 1815; in 1817-18 he defeated the 
Seminoles in Florida, and when the territory was 
purchased of Spain he was appointed governor. In 



146 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1823, Jackson was elected to the United States sen- 
ate and in 1828 to the presidency. In 1832 he waa 
re-elected. As president he vetoed the bill re- 
chartering the United States Bank and defeated 
South Carolina's attempt to nullify Federal statutes. 
He was a man of iron will and was popularly known 
as " Old Hickory." He died at the Hermitage, near 
Nashville, Tenn., June 8, 1845. 

John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United 
States and son of John Adams, was born at Brain- 
tree, Mass., July 11, 1767; was educated at Paris, 
Leyden and Harvard; subsequently studied law and 
was admitted to the bar; was appointed minister to 
the Netherlands in 1794 and later became minister 
to Germany; was elected to the United States sen- 
ate in 1801; for three years was professor of 
rhetoric and literature at Harvard; became minister 
to Russia and later to Great Britain; was appointed 
secretary of state by Monroe; was elected president 
by the House of Representatives after the deadlock 
of 1824; died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 23, 1848. 

Albert (xallatin, financier and statesman, was born 
at Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761; graduated 
there in 1779. He went in 1780 to the United States 
and taught French at Harvard. In 1795, he entered 
Congress, and in 1801-13 was secretary of the treas- 
ury. In 1815-23, he was minister at Paris; in 1826 
at London. From 1827 he devoted his time to his- 
torical and ethnological researches, writing on 
finance, politics and the Indian tribes. He died at 
Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. 

John C. Calhoun, a statesman of Irish decent, was 
born in Abbeville Co., S. C, March 18, 1782; studied 
at Yale, and became a successful lawyer. In Con- 
gress he supported the measures which led to the 
war of 1822 with Great Britain, and promoted the 
protective tariff. He was also a strong advocate of 
the doctrine of " State Rights." In 1817, he joined 
Monroe's cabinet as secretary of war and did good 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 147 

work in reorganizing the war department. After 
this he became vice-president and held the ofRce for 
two terms. He died at Washington, March 31, 1S50. 

Zachary Taylor, general and president, was born 
in Virginia, Sept. 24, 1784; entered the army in 1808 
and took part in the war of 1812; was made colonel 
and in 1836 was sent to Florida where he defeated 
the Seminoles; was made brigadier-general and in 
1840 was placed in command of the army of the 
southwest; conducted a brilliant campaign during 
the Mexican War; was elected president of the 
United States in 1848; died in office, July 9, 1850. 

Martin VanBureii, eighth president of the United 
States, was born at Kinderhook, N. Y., December 5, 
1782; studied law in New Yojk City and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1803; entered politics and was 
elected state senator; later became attorney-general 
of the state; was elected United States Senator in 
1821 and governor of New York State in 1828; was 
appointed secretary of state by President Jackson; 
was elected vice-president in 1832 and president in 
1836; was again a candidate, but was defeated by 
General Harrison; died at his birthplace, July 24, 
1862. 

William Henry Harrison, ninth president of the 
United States, was born at Berkeley, Va., February 
9, 1773; was educated at Hampden-Sidney College; 
entered the army and served with distinction in In- 
dian wars and the war of 1812; was appointed ma- 
jor-general in the regular army in 1813; was elected 
state senator of Ohio in 1816 and United States Sena- 
tor in 1819; ran against VanBuren for the presi- 
dency in 1836 and was defeated; ran again in 1840 
and was elected by an overwhelming majority; died 
at Washington, D. C, one month after his inaugura- 
tion in 1841. 

Millard Fillmore, thirteenth president of the 
United States, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., 



148 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

February 7, 1800; studied law and was admitted to 
the bar in 1823; entered the state legislature in 
1828; served in Congress eight years; became state 
comptroller in 1847; was elected vice-president in 
1848 and on the death of President Taylor became 
president; was the nominee for the presidency of 
the Know Nothing party in 1856; died at Buffalo, 
March 8, 1874. 

John Tyler, tenth president of the United States, 
was born in Charles City Co., Va., March 29, 1790; 
in 1809 was admitted to the bar. In 1825 he was 
governor of Virginia, and in December, 1826, United 
States senator. In 1840 he was elected vice-presi- 
dent. President Harrison died a month after his 
inauguration and Tyler became president. He gave 
adhesion to the southern cause and was a member 
of the Confederate Congress until his death, Jan. 
18, 1862. 

James Bnchanan, fifteenth president of the United 
States, was born at Stony Batter, near Mercersburg, 
Penn., April 23, 1791, the son of an immigrant 
farmer. He was educated at Dickinson College, and 
in 1812 was admitted to the bar and soon enjoyed 
a large practice. He served in the state legislature, 
1814-16, and in Congress, 1820-31. He was sent in 
1832 to negotiate the first commercial treaty with 
Russia; from 1833 to 1845 was a member of the 
United States Senate; then secretary of state until 
the close of Polk's presidency. He was ambassador 
to England from 1853 to 1856 and in the latter year 
was elected president. He died at Wheatland, Lan- 
caster, Pa., June 1, 1868. 

Winfield Scott, general, was born near Petersburg, 
Va., June 13, 1786. He was admitted to the bar in 
1807, but obtained a commission as artillery captain 
in 1808. He served in the war of 1812 and was a 
leading general in the Mexican War in which he 
won many victories. He retained command of the 
army until October, 1861. He died at West Point 
May 29, 1866. i 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 149 

CIVIL WAR PERIOD. 

Abraham Lincoln, statesman and sixteenth presi- 
dent of the United States, was born in Harding Co., 
Kentuclty, February 12, 1809; lived on a farm until 
nineteen years of age; became storelieeper, village 
postmaster, member of the legislature of Illinois, 
congressman, and in 1860 was elected president of 
the United States; managed the affairs of the nation 
with great wisdom during the Civil War and was 
re-elected in 1864; was shot April 14th, 1865, and 
died the next morning. " Lincoln's great work was 
to restore the dissevered Unioxi, to guide the country 
safely through the tempestuous scenes of a terrible 
Civil War, and to rid the land of the blighting curse 
of slavery." 

Stephen A. Douglas was born at Brandon, Vermont, 
April 23, 1813; became attorney-general of Illinois 
in 1834; member of the legislature in 1835; secre- 
tary of state in 1840, and judge of the supreme court 
in 1841. He was elected to Congress in 1834-44-46, 
and to the United States Senate in 1847-52-58. In 
1860 he was nominated for the presidency, but was 
defeated by Lincoln. He died at Chicago, June 3, 
1861. 

Charles Sumner, American statesman, was born in 
Boston, January 6, 1811; graduated at Harvard in 
1830, and in 1834 was admitted to the bar; he wrote 
for law journals and lectured on legal topics; he 
was elected to the national senate in 1851 and held 
this position for the remainder of his life. Among 
his many notable addresses was one on the admission 
of Kansas as a free state, published as the " Bar- 
barism of Slavery." He died at Washington, March 
11, 1874. 

Andrew Johnson, seventeenth president of the 
United States, was born at Raleigh, N. C, Dec. 29, 
1808; moved to Greenville, Tenn., in 1826; became 
mayor, state senator, congressman, governor of 



150 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Tennessee, United States senator, vice-president and, 
on the death of Lincoln, president of the United 
States; was impeached, tried and acquitted; died 
July 31, 1875. 

Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth president of the 
United States, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, 
1822; was educated at West Point; took an active 
part in the Mexican War and was appointed captain; 
became a farmer near St. Louis, Mo.; won great dis- 
tinction during the Civil War for victories at Fort 
Donelson and Vicksburg and was promoted to the 
supreme command of the Union forces; won the 
campaign against Lee, which terminated the war; 
was elected president in 1868 and again in 1872; on 
retiring from the presidency, in 1877, made a tour 
around the world and was every where received with 
high honor; died at Mt. McGregor near Saratoga, 
July 23, 1885. 

William T. Sherman, general, was born at Lancas- 
ter, Ohio, Feb. 8, 1820; graduated at West Point in 
1840; served in Seminole War in Florida and in the 
Mexican War in California; became a banker in San 
Francisco and when the Civil War commenced was 
head of the Louisiana Military Academy; became 
major-general during the Civil War and commanded 
the Union army on the famous " march to the sea," 
and at several engagements of importance; became 
general of the army in 1869; died in New York 
February 14, 1891. 

Philip Henry Sheridan, general, was born in Al- 
bany, N. Y., 1831; was educated at West Point; did 
valiant service for the Union during the Civil War; 
became general-in-chief of the United States army 
in 1883; died at Nonquitt, Mass., August 5, 1888. 

David G. Farragut, admiral, was born at Camp- 
bell's Station near Knoxville, Tenn., July 5, 1801; 
entered the navy as a midshipman in 1810; served 
in the navy in the War of 1812 and in the Mexican 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 151 

War; in 1861 was put in command of the West Gulf 
blockading squadron; fought many successful naval 
engagements during the Civil War; was made rear- 
admiral in 1862; vice-admiral in 1864 and admiral 
In 1866; died at Portsmouth, N. H., August 14, 1870. 

Robert E. Lee, general, was born January 19, 1807; 
graduated from West Point; was chief engineer in 
the Mexican War; was commander-in-chief of the 
Confederate forces in Virginia and did masterly ser- 
vice for the South during the Civil War; became 
president of the Washington and Lee University at 
the close of the war; died October 12, 1870. 

Alexander H. Stephens (1812-83), was born near 
Crawfordsville, Ga.; was admitted to the bar in 1834, 
and sat in Congress 1843-59. He became vice-presi- 
dent of the Confederate States in 1861, but went back 
to Congress in 1874. In 1882 he was elected gover- 
nor of Georgia. He wrote an excellent history of 
the United States. He died at Atlanta, Ga., March 
4, 1883. 

Horace Greeley, journalist, born on a farm at Am- 
herst, N. H., Feb. 3, 1811. He worked in a printing 
office and later as a journeyman printer. In 
1834 he started the " Weekly New Yorker." He later 
started the " New York Tribune " and was its editor 
for many years. In 1848 he was elected to Congress 
and in 1872 was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
presidency. He was the author of " The American 
Conflict," a history of the Civil War. He died in New 
York, November 29, 1872. 

William H. Seward, statesman, was born at 
Florida, N. Y., May 16, 1801; was educated at Union 
College, Schenectady, N. Y. ; was admitted to the bar 
and began practice at Auburn, N. Y.; was elected 
state senator in 1830 and governor in 1837 and again 
in 1840; was chosen United States senator in 1849; 
became secretary of state under Lincoln; was 



152 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

severely wounded by an accomplice of John Wilkes 
Booth at the time of the assassination of Lincoln; 
died at Auburn, N. Y., October 10, 1872. 

Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom*3 
Cabin, was born in Litchfield, Conn., June 14, 1811; 
joined her sister in her school at Hartford and after- 
wards helped her to establish a school in Cincinnati, 
Ohio. In 1836 she married Rev, C. E. Stowe, a pro- 
fessor in Lane Seminary, with whom she moved to 
New Brunswick, Me., and later she issued her first 
work, " The Mayflower." In 1851 she wrote " Uncle 
Tom's Cabin," and later " Sunny Memories of For- 
eign Lands," " Dred," " The Minister's Wooing " and 
" Oldtown Folks." She died at Hartford, Conn., July 
1, 1896. 

"Wendell Phillips, orator and abolitionist, was born 
at Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811; was educated 
at Harvard University; was admitted to the bar, but 
soon left his profession for the lecture platform; 
was a brilliant advocate of the abolition of slavery, 
women suffrage, prohibition and labor reforms; died 
at Boston, February 2, 1884. 

TVilliam Lloyd • Garrison, journalist and abolition- 
ist, was born at Newburyport, Mass., December 12, 
1805. He was a printer for the Newburyport Herald 
and later became its editor; was joint-editor of tho 
" Genius of Universal Emancipation," published In 
Baltimore. He delivered lectures and in 1831 started 
the " Liberator," an abolitionist paper, which led to 
the establishment of the New England Anti-Slavery 
Society. He traveled abroad in 1833 and on his re- 
turn organized the American Anti-Slavery Society 
of which he became president. He died in New York, 
May 24, 1879. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 153 

LATE PERIOD. 

Edward Everett, statesman, author and orator, was 
born at Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794; was edu- 
cated at Harvard; became pastor of a Unitarian 
church at Cambridge in 1814; was appointed Eliot 
professor of Greek in Harvard in 1815; spent four 
years in Europe in preparation for his college work; 
became editor of the North American Review; was 
member of Congress from 1824-35; resigned to be- 
come governor of Massachusetts; was appointed 
United States minister to England in 1841; became 
secretary of state in Fillmore's Cabinet in 1852 and 
the following year entered the United States Senate; 
delivered a great many famous orations; died at Bos- 
ton January 15, 1865. 

'Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth president of the 
United States, was born at Delaware, Ohio, October 
4, 1822; was educated at Kenyon College and studied 
law at Harvard University; became city solicitor of 
Cincinnati; entered the Federal army as major of 
an Ohio regiment and served in many engagements; 
was promoted during the war to the rank of brevet 
major-general; was elected to Congress in 1865, but 
resigned to become governor of Ohio; was twice re- 
elected governor and in 1876 was elected president; 
died at Fremont, Ohio, January 17, 1893. 

Samuel J. Tilden, lawyer and statesman, was born 
at Lebanon, N. Y., February 9, 1814; was educated 
at Yale University and at New York University; be- 
came an active opponent of the New York Tweed 
Ring; was elected governor in 1874; was the demo- 
cratic candidate for the presidency in 1876 and re- 
ceived a popular majority of 250,000, although the 
electoral commission by a vote of eight to seven de- 
clared his opponent, Mr. Hayes, elected. Tilden died 
near Yonkers, N. Y., August 4, 1886. 

James A. Garfield, statesman, educator and twent- 
ieth president of the United States, was born at 



154 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Orange, Ohio, November 19, 1831; was educated at 
Hiram College, Ohio,and at William's College, Mass.; 
became president of the former institution in 1857; 
entered the Federal army as lieutenant-colonel of an 
Ohio regiment in 1861 and after serving with dis- 
tinction in many engagements received a major-gen- 
eral's commission in 1863; w£s elected to Congress 
in the latter year and served several terms; became 
president in March, 1881, and in July of the same 
year was shot by a disappointed office seeker named 
Guiteau. Died at Elberon, N. J., September 19, 1881. 

Theodore Parker, (1810-60), American preacher, 
was born at Lexington, Mass.; graduated at Harvard 
in 1836 and settled as a Unitarian minister at West 
Roxbury, now in Boston. From 1844 he preached to 
a congregation of over three thousand besides in- 
cessantly writing on social and theological questions. 
He lectured throughout the States, but his health 
broke down and he died in Florence. 

Horace Mann, educator, was born at Franklin, 
Mass.; graduated at Brown University in 1819, and, 
having become a lawyer, was elected to the Massa- 
chusetts legislature in 1827, and was president of the 
state senate. After editing the revised state statutes 
he was for eleven years secretary of the state board 
of education. In 1848 he was elected to Congress 
and from 1853 was president of Antioch College in 
Ohio. (1796-1859.) 

Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
June 24, 1813; graduated at Amherst College, Mass.; 
preached for eight years at Indianapolis; in 1847 
became the first minister of Plymouth Church in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., and practically ignoring formal 
creeds, preached what he held to be the gospel of 
Christ, contended for temperance, and denounced 
slavery to an immense congregation. He favored 
the free-soil party in 1852, and the republican candi- 
dates in 1856 and 1860; on the breaking out of the 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 155 

Civil War, his church raised and equipped a volun- 
teer regiment; wrote for the " Independent," and 
after 1870 edited "The Christian Union; " repeatedly 
visited Europe and lectured in Britain; died March 

8, 18S7. 

C^rl Schurz, statesman and reformer, was born 
near Cologne, Germany, March 2, 1829; joined the 
revolutionary movement of 1849 and in 1852 went to 
the United States, where he engaged in politics, lec- 
tured and practiced law. In 1877 he was made secre- 
tary of the interior, and from 1880 to 1884 was again 
an editor. He took a leading part in the movement 
for civil service reform. He died in New York, May 
14, 1906. 

Roscoe Conkling, statesman and jurist, was born 
at Albany, N. Y., October 30, 1829; studied law at 
Utica, N. Y. ; was admitted to the bar and soon at- 
tained prominence in his profession; became mayor 
of Utica in 1858; entered Congress in 1859; was re- 
elected in 1864; was elected United States senator 
in 1867; was recognized leader of the Republican 
party in New York State for several years; died at 
New York, April 18, 1888. 

John Sherman, statesman, was born in Lancaster, 
Ohio, on May 10, 1823; worked for a time with an 
engineering party and then studied law; was elected 
to Congress in 1855 and was twice re-elected; was 
elected to the United States senate in 1861 and for 
many years was chairman of the committee on fin- 
ance; was secretary of the treasury under Hayes 
and secretary of state under McKinley; died at 
Washington, D. C, Oct. 22, 1900. 

George William Curtis, author, publicist and ora- 
tor, was born at Providence, R. I., February 24, 1824; 
attended school at Jamaica Plain, Mass.; removed 
to New York and engaged in mercantile pursuits; 
became a member of the " Brook Farm Community; " 
spent several years traveling in Germany, Italy, 
Syria, Egypt; became one of the editors of Putnam's 



156 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Monthly and later of Harper's Weekly; contributed 
to Harper's Monthly papers known as " The Edi- 
tor's Easy Chair; " was an earnest advocate of civil 
service reform; wrote " Potiphar Papers," "Prue and 
I," and other works; died on Staten Island, N, Y., 
August 31, 1892. 

James Gr, Blaine, statesman, was born at ^est 
Brownsville, Pa., January 31, 1830; was educated at 
Washington College; removed to Maine and became 
editor of the Portland " Advertiser " and the Ken- 
nebec " Journal; " became member of the Maine leg- 
islature for three years; served as representative in 
Congress from 1862-1876, in the latter year was 
elected United States senator; became secretary of 
state under Garfield and was the Republican nomi- 
nee for the presidency in 1884; wrote a valuable his- 
tory of his political career entitled " Twenty Years 
in Congress; " died at Washington, D. C, January 27, 
1893. 

Benjamin Harrison, statesman and twenty-third 
president of the United States, W£s born at North 
Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833; was educated at Miami 
University and entered the legal profession; served 
in the Civil War from 1862-65 and became a bri- 
gadier-general; represented Indiana in the United 
States senate from 1881-1887, became president in 
1889; was re-nominated in 1892 and was beaten by 
Cleveland. Died at Indianapolis, Ind., March 3, 1901. 

Grover Cleveland, the twenty-second president of 
the United States, was born at Caldwell, N. J., March 
18, 1837, the son of a Presbyterian minister; was ad- 
mited to the bar in 1859 and practiced at Buffalo; 
was elected mayor of Buffalo and later governor of 
New York State by a large majority; was chosen 
president of the United States in 1884 and 1892. He 
died at Princeton, N. J., June 24, 1908. 

Henry M. Stanley (original name, John Rowlands), 
African explorer, was born in Denbigh, Wales, in 



AMERICAy HISTORY. 157 

1841; worked his way to New Orleans as cabin boy; 
served in the Confederate army; contributed to 
several joi^rnals; in 1867 began his work for the 
New York Herald; was sent abroad to find Living- 
stone and found him on the 10th of November; his 
book on " How I Found Livingstone," was very popu- 
lar; took part in the Congo-Congress in Berlin in 
1884-85, and lectured on his African work. His other 
works are " My Kalulu," " Comassie and Magdala," 
"The Congo," "My Early Travels in America and 
Asia," " In Darkest Africa." He died at London, 
May 10, 1904. 

William McKinley, statesman and twenty-fifth 
president of the United States; was born at Niles, 
Ohio, January 29, 1843; attended Alleghany college; 
entered the army in 1861 as a private and served 
during the entire war; was promoted to the rank of 
brevet-major; after leaving the army he studied 
law and in 1867 began practice in Canton, Ohio; 
served several terms in Congress; was elected gov- 
ernor of Ohio in 1891 and re-elected in 1893; was 
elected president in 1896 and re-elected in 1900; 
was shot by an assassin at the Pan-American Ex- 
position at Buffalo, N. Y., and died in that city Sep- 
tember 14th, 1901. 

Henry Georg-e was born in Philadelphia September 
2, 1839, went to sea and in 1858 arrived in California, 
where he became a printer. He conducted several 
papers and took an active interest in public ques- 
tions; wrote "Progress and Poverty" and advocated 
the single tax doctrine. He died in New York in 
1897. 

John Hay, statesman, diplomat, poet and prose- 
writer, was born at Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1831; gradu- 
ated at Brown University, 1858; after admission to 
the bar became private secretary to President Lin- 
coln; became first assistant secretary of state in 
1879, ambassador to England in 1897 and secretary 



158 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

of state in 1898. He wrote " Castilian Days," " Piko 
County Ballads," " Life of Lincoln," and many other 
works. He died at Lake Sunapee, N. Y., July 1, 1905. 

Theodore Rooseyelt, statesman and twenty-sixth 
president of the United States, was born at New 
York, October 27, 1858; was educated at Harvard 
University; was elected to the New York assembly 
in 1882; was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of 
New York in 1886; was appointed a member of the 
United States Civil Service Commission by Presi- 
dent Harrison; became president of the board of 
police commissioners in New York in 1895; was ap- 
pointed assistant secretary of the navy in 1897 and 
became colonel of a regiment in the Spanish-Ameri- 
can War; was elected governor of New York in 1898, 
vice-president of the United States in 1900; became 
president on the death of McKinley, September 14, 
1901; was re-elected to the presidency in 1904; has 
written several important works including " The 
Winning of the West," " Oliver Cromwell " and 
" American Political Ideals." 

William Jennings Bryan, statesman and orator, 
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860; was educated 
at Illinois College; removed to Lincoln, Nebraska; 
was elected to Congress; was nominated by the 
Democratic party for president in 1896, 1900 and 
1908; has traveled extensively and is regarded as one 
of the foremost orators of the day. 

Andrew Carnegie, iron-master, financier and phil- 
anthropist, was born the 25th of November, 1835, in 
Dunfermline, Scotland, whence his father, a weaver, 
emigrated in 1847 to Pittsburg, Penn.; became tele- 
grapher and railway clerk; speculated luckily in oil 
and then established a rolling mill from which has 
grown up the largest system of iron and steel works 
in America. He has made large gifts to libraries 
and colleges and founded the Carnegie Institute. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 159 

Charles W. Eliot, educator, was born in Boston, 
March 20, 1834; became president of Harvard Uni- 
versity in 1869; conducted the affairs of the institu- 
tion with great ability for forty years and resigned 
in 1909. He has been for many years a prominent 
educational leader. 

LEADERS IX AMERICAN LITERATURE AKD 
SCIENCE. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet and essayist, was 
born in Boston of a long line of ministers. May 25, 
1803. He graduated at Harvard in 1821, and after 
teaching in different places, became, in 1829, pastor 
of the Second Church in Boston. He later resigned 
and devoted his time to writing and lecturing. His 
essays include " Self Reliance," " Representative 
Men," " Nature " and many others. He died at Con- 
cord, Mass., April 27, 1882. 

Henry Vi\ Longfellow, poet and novelist, was born 
at Portland, Me., 1807; was educated at Bowdoin Col- 
lege; traveled in Europe; became professor of 
modern languages at Bowdoin and later at Harvard; 
wrote " Evangeline," " Hiawatha," " Courtship of 
Miles Standish," and many short poems, also the 
descriptive novels, "Outre Mer " and "Hyperion;" 
died in Cambridge, Mass., 1882. He is the most 
popular of the American poets and his birthday is 
observed in many of the schools. 

William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, was 
born at Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794. At 
thirteen he published " The Embargo," a satirical 
poem, and at eighteen, " Thanatopsis." He studied 
law and was admitted to the bar, but continued to 
contribute verse and prose to the North American 
Review. In 1825 he became editor of the New York 
Review and when it failed, assistant editor of the 
Evening Post, and in 1829, editor-in-chief. At 
seventy-two he commenced a blank-verse transla- 
tion of Homer. He died at New York, June 12, 1878. 



160 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

John Greeiileaf Whittier, Quaker poet, was born 
near Haverhill, Mass., December 17, 1807, the son 
of a poor farmer; he obtained an education with 
difficulty. In 1829 he undertook the editorship of 
the " American Manufacturer," in 1830, of the " New 
England Weekly Review." He wrote many poems 
including " Snow Bound," " The Eternal Goodness," 
" The Barefoot Boy " and poems on slavery. He 
died September 7, 1892. 

James R. Lowell, diplomat, poet and critic, was 
born in Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 1819; was 
educated at Harvard; became professor of modern 
languages and literature in Harvard; edited for a 
time the Atlantic Monthly and the North American 
Review; was appointed minister to Spain and was 
later transferred to Great Britain; wrote "The 
Biglow Papers," " The Vision of Sir Launfal," " My 
Study Windows " and " Among My Books," besides 
short poems, essays and magazine articles; died at 
Cambridge, Aug. 12, 1891. 

Asa Gray, botanist, was born at Paris, New York, 
November 18, 1810, took his M. D. in 1831, but re- 
linquished medicine for botany and in 1842-73 was 
professor of natural history at Harvard, becoming 
meanwhile a strong Darwinian. He wrote several 
books on botany. He died at Cambridge, Mass., 
January 30, 1888. 

Oliier Wendell Holmes, physician, poet, novelist 
and essayist, was born in Cambridge, Mass., 1809; 
was educated at Harvard College; became professor 
of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth College and 
later at Harvard; wrote "The Autocrat of the 
Breakfast Table," " Elsie Venner," " The Guardian 
Angel," and many poems. Died at Boston, 1894. 

Walt Whitman, poet, was born May 31, 1819, at 
West Hills, Long Island, N. Y.; served in lawyers', 
doctors' and printers' offices; later was a teacher; 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 161 

in 1846, became editor of the Brooklyn Eagle; he 
wrote " Leaves of Grass " and " Specimen Days and 
Collect; " during the Civil War he Wcnt South and 
became a nurse in the army; died at Camden, N. J., 
March 27, 1892. 

Tliomas Bailey Aldrich, poet and novelist, was 
born at Portsmouth, N. H., November 11, 1836. 
While engaged in a New York counting house, he 
began to contribute verse to the newspapers, and 
soon after the publication of " The Bells," adopted 
journalism as a profession. From 1881-90, he was 
editor of the Atlantic Monthly. He died at Boston, 
March 19, 1907. 

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, essayist, was born 
at Cambridge, Mass., December 22, 1823; was or- 
dained to the ministry, from which he retired in 
1858; was active in the anti-slavery agitation. In 
the Civil War he lead the first regiment raised 
from among former slaves; in 1880-81, he was a 
member of the Massachusetts legislature. He wrote 
histories of the United States, " Outdoor Papers," 
" Army Life in a Black Regiment," " Oldport Days " 
and other works. He died at Cambridge, Mass., May 
9, 1911. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne, story-writer and novelist, 
was born at Salem, Mass., 1804; was educated at 
Bowdoin College; wrote "Twice Told Tales," "Scar- 
let Letter," " Mosses from an Old Manse " and many 
other stories, novels and romances. Died at Ply- 
mouth, N. H., 1864. 

William D. Howells, essayist and novelist, was 
born at Martins Ferry, O., March 1, 1837. His fam- 
ily was of Welsh Quaker origin, and he himself was 
brought up a Swedenborgian. His first writing was 
for the " Cincinnati Gazette " and the " Columbus 
State Journal." His book on the life of Lincoln pro- 
cured for him the post of consul at Venice, where 
lie wrote the papers collected in " Venetian Life." 



162 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

After his return he wrote for the New York papers 
and edited the Atlantic Monthly, 1872-1881. His 
short stories are very popular. 

Joseph E. Worcester (1784-1865), lexicographer, 
was born at Bedford, N. H.; taught at Salem, Mass., 
and then became an author. All his works were 
laborious — gazetteers, manuals of geography and 
histories. He edited " Chalmers Abridgement of 
Todd's Johnson's Dictionary," with " Walker's 
Pronouncing Dictionary," printed his own " English 
Dictionary," Critical Dictionary and great quarto 
" Dictionary of the English Language." 

Bayard Taylor, poet and traveler, was born in 
Chester County, Penn., Jan. 11, 1825; was appren- 
ticed to a printer; wrote a volume of poems; visited 
Europe; published "Views Afoot" and obtained a 
post on the New York Tribune; as its correspond- 
ent, he traveled and wrote " El Dorado," " Central 
Africa " and " Land of the Saracen," and " Visit to 
India, China and Japan." Later came " Northern 
Travel and Greece and Russia." His poetical works 
include " Rhymes of Travel," " Poems of the Orient " 
and others. In 1878 he became ambassador to Ber-. 
lin, where he died Dec. 19 of the same year. 

Edgar Allen Poe, poet, was born at Boston, Mass., 
1809; was adopted by a wealthy merchant when 
three years of age; entered the University of Vir- 
ginia, became dissipated and remained but one year; 
entered the United States army and became ser- 
geant-major; entered West Point Military Academy, 
but was dismissed for neglect of duty; wrote many 
weird stories and melodious poems including " The 
Gold Bug," " The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym," 
"The Bells" and "The Raven; " died in wretched- 
ness in Baltimore, 1849. 

Edward Everett Hale, preacher and writer, was 
born in Boston, Mass., April 3, 1822. In 1856 he was 
called to a Unitarian church in Boston. His in- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 163 

fluence in philanthropic movements has been wide- 
spread. Dr. Hale has edited religious and other 
journals and his books number over fifty. He died 
in Roxbury, Mass., June 10, 1909. 

Washington Irving, essayist and historian, was 
born in New York in 1783; studied law and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1806; traveled extensively in 
Europe and wrote books and sketches on interest- 
ing topics. His principal works were the " Sketch 
Book," " A History of New York by Diedrick Knick- 
erbocker," " Life of Columbus," " Mahomet and His 
Successors." He died at " Sunnyside," 1859, and 
was buried in " Sleepy Hollow," Tarrytown. 

Louisa May Alcott, daughter of the pedlar-educa- 
tionist, Amos Bronson Alcott, was born at German- 
town, Philadelphia, 1832, and died at Concord, 1888. 
Her greatest success, " Little Women," was one of 
twenty-eight works, 

James Fenimore Cooper, novelist, was born at 
Burlington, N. J., Sept. 15, 1789. His father was a 
wealthy Quaker. Cooper entered Yale in 1803 and 
was expelled during his third year. In 1806 he en- 
listed as a common sailor and in 1808 entered the 
navy as a midshipman. He rose to the rank of lieu- 
tenant, but resigned his commission and married 
Susan, a sister of Bishop DeLancy of New York. 
He wrote the "Leather Stocking Tales" and many 
novels. He died at Cooperstown, Sept. 14, 1851. 

Samuel L. Clemens was born at Florida, Mo., 
Nov. 30, 1835. A printer first, and afterwards a Mis- 
sissippi pilot he adopted his pseudonym from a well 
known call of the man sounding the river in shallow 
places. After the outbreak of the war of 1861-65, 
he went to Nevada where he tried silver-mining; 
next edited for two years the Virginia City Enter- 
prise to which he had previously contributed; in 
1864 he moved to San Francisco and lectured with 
success there and in New York. In 1867, with a 



164 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

pleasure party, he visited France, Italy and Pales- 
tine, gathering material for his " Innocents Abroad," 
which established his reputation as a humorist. He 
was later an editor at Buffalo, N. Y., where he mar- 
ried Miss Langdon, a lady of wealth; moved to 
Hartford, Conn.; wrote many books, including "Tom 
Sawyer," " Huckleberry F.nn," " Recollections of 
Joan of Arc" and "Life on the Mississippi; " died 
at Redding, Conn., April 2, 1910. 

George Bancroft, historian and diplomat, was born 
at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1800; graduated from 
Harvard with high honors in 1817, and then studied 
in Germany; returning to America in 1822, he 
served a year as Greek tutor in Harvard, when he 
and Dr. Cogswell, a fellow tutor, established the 
Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass., with 
which Bancroft was associated until 1830; wrote a 
volume of poems and a comprehensive history of the 
United States; was secretary of the navy under Polk 
in 1845 and minister to England in 1846-49; later 
was minister to Germany; died at Washington, Jan. 
17, 1891. 

John Lothrop Motley, historian, was born in Dor- 
chester, Mass., April 15, 1814, and studied at Har- 
vard and several German universities. In 1839 he 
published " Mortons Hope," a historical novel. Fully 
ten years were spent on his " History of the Dutch 
Republic," which established his fame. His letters 
to the " Times " on the Civil War were probably the 
most important of all the efforts made by Americans 
to enlighten the British public upon the issues in- 
volved. He died in England May 29, 1877. 

William E, Channing, preacher and writer, was 
born April 7, 1780, at Newport, Rhode Island. He 
graduated at Harvard in 1798 and in 1803 was or- 
dained minister of a congregational church in Bos- 
ton. Later he became a leader of the Unitarian 
church and his sermons became famous for their 
fervor, solemnity and beauty. His principal writ- 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 165 

ings included his sermons, addresses and essays. 
Among the latter are his " Essay on National Lit- 
erature " and " Remarks on Milton." He died Oc- 
tober 2, 1842, at Bennington, Vt. 

Noah Webstei:, lexicographer, was born in Hart- 
ford, Conn., Oct. 16, 1758; graduated at Yi.le in 1778, 
and after teaching a time was admitted to the bar 
in 1781; resumed teaching and made a great hit 
with a spelling book. Political articles and pamph- 
lets, lecturing, a few years' practice of law, and 
journalism at New York occupied him till 1798, 
when he retired to a life of literary labor at New 
Haven. He published an English grammar and the 
famous " American Dictionary of the English 
Language." He died May 28, 1843. 

Simon Newcomb, astronomer, was born at Wal- 
lace, Nova Scotia, March 12, 1835; graduated in 
1858 from Harvard and in 1861 became professor of 
mathematics in the United States navy. In 1884 
he became professor of mathematics and astronomy 
in the John Hopkins University. His writings em- 
brace over a hundred papers and memoirs. He died 
at Washington, D. C, July 11, 1909. 

John Burroughs, born at Roxbury, N. Y., April 3, 
1837, was brought up on a farm. After some years 
of teaching, journalism and clerking in the treas- 
ury department at Washington, he settled down in 
1874 on a farm in New York to devote his time to 
literature, fruit-culture and periodic work as a bank 
examiner. His books mostly deal with country life. 

Booker T. Washington, educator, was born a slave 
near Hale's Ford, Va., about the year 1856; was 
educated in Hampton Institute; became a teacher 
in the institution after completing the course as a 
student; became head of an institution at Tuskegee, 
Alabsma, in 1881 which, under his administration, 
has developed into a great industrial institute. Mr. 
Washington has made notable public speeches and 



166 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

has written his autobiography and other works. He 
is considered the foremost negro educator in 
America. 

John James Audubon, ornithologist, was born 
near New Orleans, Louisiana, May ^, 1780; studied 
painting under David at Nantes, France; settled in 
Pennsylvania and later lived in Kentucky and Mis- 
souri; painted portraits and colored designs of 
birds; gave exhibitions of his pictures of birds in 
England and Scotland with success; published his 
famous "Birds of America," 1830-39; died January 
27, 1851. 

Jean L. K. Agassiz, naturalist, was born at Metier, 
in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, May 28, 
1807, and studied at Bienne, Lausanne, Zurich 
Heidelberg and Munich; graduated in medicine in 
1830; worked in Paris, and in 1832 accepted a pro- 
fessorship at Neuchatel; lectured 1846-48 in the 
United States and in 1848 was elected to the chair 
of natural history in Harvard; published several im- 
portant works on fishes and natural history; died at 
Cambridge, Mass., December 14, 1873. 

AMERICAN INVENTORS. 

Robert Fulton, engineer and inventor, was born 
1765 at Little Britain, Pa.; when old enough was ap 
prenticed to a jeweler in Philadelphia, while thus 
engaged took up painting and later applied himself 
wholly to mechanics; made several inventions and 
in 1803, when United States minister at Paris, con- 
structed a small steamboat and his experiments with 
it on the Seine were attended with great success; 
returned to New York in 1806 and in 1807 launched 
the first steam vessel upon the Hudson and made a 
successful trip to Albany. He died in 1815. 

Eli IVIiitney, inventor, was born at Westboiough, 
Mass., in 1765; was educated £t Yale, went to 
Georgia as a teacher, but finding a patron in the 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 167 

'Widow of General Greene, resided on her estate and 
studied. Cotton had then to be separated by hand 
and Whitney set to work to make a cotton-gin. His 
ideas were stolen and in defending his rights, he be- 
came bankrupt. In 1798 he got a government con- 
tract for the manufacture of firearms, and made a 
fortune by this business, carried on at Whitneyville, 
Conn. He died at New Haven i-n 1825. 

Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor and artist, was born 
at Charlestown, Mass., April 27, 1791; graduated 
from Yale College; studied painting in England, was 
president of the National Academy of .Design from 
1826 to 1842 and became professor of the arts of de- 
sign in the University of New York in 1835. He in- 
vented the magnetic telegraph and constructed the 
first telegraph line from New York to Baltimore in 
1844. He also made the first daguerrotype apparatus 
in America. He died at New York, April 2, 1872. 

Joseph Henry, physicist and inventor, wes born at 
Albany, N. Y., 1797; became instructor in mathe- 
matics there in 1826, professor of natural philosophy 
at Princeton in 1832, and first secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution in 1846. With Henry's name 
are associated discoveries in electro-magnetism, 
electrical induction, meteorology and acoustics. He 
died in 1878. 

Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of the McCormick 
reaping machine, was born at Walnut Grove, W. Va., 
February 15, 1809; moved to Chicago in 1847; en- 
gaged in the manufacture of his reaping machines 
and amassed a large fortune. In 1859 he liberally 
endowed the Presbyterian Theological Seminary at 
Chicago, which bears his name. He organized the 
well known McCormick Harvesting Machine Com- 
pany. He died at Chicago, May 13, 1884. 

Cyrus W. Field was born at Stockbridge, Mass., in 
1819; became a clerk in New York, and soon had a 
prosperous business of his own; organized in 1854, 
the New York, Newfoundland and London Tele- 



168 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

graphic Compnny and in 1856, the Atlantic Telegraph 
Company, which successfully laid the first cable con- 
necting the old and new worlds in 1858; in 1871 he 
organized the company which undeitook to lay a 
cable across the Pacific Ocean; later was actively 
identified with rapid transit and elevated railway 
interests in New York City. He died in New York 
City, July 12, 1892. 

Ellas Howe, inventor of the sewing machine, was 
born at Spencer, Mass., July 9, lbl9; worked at 
Lowell and Boston as a mechanic; invented and 
patented the sewing machine at the latter place .n 
1846; made an unsuccessful visit to England to in- 
troduce his invention. Although harassed by pov- 
erty, he entered on a seven years' war of litigation 
to protect his rights and was finaLy successful. 
During the Civil War he served as a private. He 
died October 3, 1867. 

Alexander Graham Bell, inventor and founder of 
the Bell Telephone Company, was born in Scotland, 
1847; was trained in the specialty of his father and 
grandfather — the curing of defective speech; came 
to the United States in 1872, and became professor 
of vocal physiology in Boston Univeisity; in 1676 
he perfected his discovery of the speaking te^e^ho^e, 
the success of which has since been established. 

Thomas A. Edison, inventor and electrician, was 
born in Milan, Ohio, February 11, 1847; had few 
educational advantages in childhood, but by Wxde 
reading and close observation became well informed. 
Before he was twelve years old he seivv^d as tian- 
boy on the Grand Trunk R. R. and sojn became an 
expert telegraph operator. He investigated the 
mysteries of the telegraph, and became an au- 
thority on the subject. He then turned his attention 
to invention. His first invention was a stock indi- 
cator or telegraph. More than thiee hundred 
patents for his inventions have followed. The 
quadruplex telegraph, electric light and phonograph 
are some of his important inventions. 



AMERICAN EDUCATION 



Charles W Blessiny ^ j,^.^^^_ 
Horatio M. Foltovk \ 



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